1. 組態設定

安裝過程的第一步是設定原始碼編譯時所需的選項。這是透過執行 configure 腳本完成的。對於預設安裝而言，只需輸入：

./configure

此腳本將執行許多測試以確定各種系統相關變數的值，並檢測操作業系統的所有特性，最後將在編譯樹中建立多個檔案以記錄它找到的內容。如果要將編譯目錄分開，也可以在原始碼以外的目錄中執行 configure。此過程也稱為 VPATH 編譯。可以這樣做：

mkdir build_dir
cd build_dir
/path/to/source/tree/configure [options go here]
make

預設配置將編譯伺服器和工具程式，以及僅需要 C 編譯器的所有用戶端應用程式和介存取介面。預設情況下，所有檔案都將安裝在 /usr/local/pgsql 下。

您可以透過提供以下一個或多個命令列選項來自訂編譯的過程：

--prefix=PREFIX

安裝所以檔案到到目錄 PREFIX 下而不是 /usr/local/pgsql。實際檔案將安裝到各個子目錄中；任何檔案都不會直接安裝到 PREFIX 目錄中。

如果您有特殊需求，還可以使用以下選項自訂各個子目錄。但是，如果保留這些預設值，則安裝結果將是可重新配置的，這意味著您可以在安裝後移動目錄。（man 和 doc 路徑不受此影響。）

對於可重新配置的安裝，您可能希望使用 configure 的 --disable-rpath 選項。此外，您需要告訴作業系統如何尋找共享函式庫。

--exec-prefix=EXEC-PREFIX

您可以在與 PREFIX 設定的前綴不同的前綴 EXEC-PREFIX 下安裝相依於系統結構的檔案。這對於在主機之間共享與系統結構無關的檔案非常有用。如果省略這一點，則 EXEC-PREFIX 設定為等於 PREFIX，並且相依於系統結構的檔案和獨立檔案都將安裝在同一個樹下，這可能就是您想要的。

--bindir=DIRECTORY

指定可執行程式的目錄。預設值為 EXEC-PREFIX/bin，通常為 /usr/local/pgsql/bin。

--sysconfdir=DIRECTORY

預設設定各種組態配置檔案的目錄，PREFIX/etc。

--libdir=DIRECTORY

設定安裝函式庫和動態模組的位置。預設值為 EXEC-PREFIX/lib。

--includedir=DIRECTORY

設定安裝 C 和 C++ 標頭檔案的目錄。預設值為 PREFIX/include。

--datarootdir=DIRECTORY

設定各種類型的唯讀資料檔案的根目錄。這僅設定以下某些選項的預設值。預設值為 PREFIX/share。

--datadir=DIRECTORY

設定安裝好的程式所使用的唯讀資料檔案目錄。預設值為 DATAROOTDIR。請注意，這與放置資料庫檔案的位置無關。

--localedir=DIRECTORY

設定用於安裝區域設定資料的目錄，像是訊息翻譯的目錄檔案。預設值為 DATAROOTDIR/locale。

--mandir=DIRECTORY

PostgreSQL 附帶的手冊頁面將安裝在此目錄下的各自 manx 子目錄中。預設值為 DATAROOTDIR/man。

--docdir=DIRECTORY

設定安裝文件檔案的根目錄，“man” 頁面除外。這僅設定以下選項的預設值。此選項的預設值為 DARAROOTDIR/doc/postgresql。

--htmldir=DIRECTORY

PostgreSQL 的 HTML 格式文件檔案將安裝在此目錄下。預設值為 DATAROOTDIR。

注意 可以將 PostgreSQL 安裝到共享安裝位置（例如 /usr/local/include），而不會干擾系統其餘部分的命名空間。首先，字串 “/postgresql” 會自動附加到 datadir，sysconfdir 和docdir，除非完全展開的目錄名已包含字串 “postgres” 或 “pgsql”。例如，如果選擇 /usr/local 作為前綴，則檔案將安裝在 /usr/local/doc/postgresql 中，但如果前綴為 /opt/postgres，則它將位於 /opt/postgres/doc 中。用戶端介面的公用 C 標頭檔案安裝在 includedir 中，並且命名空間是清楚的。內部標頭檔案和伺服器標頭檔案安裝在 includedir 下的私有目錄中。有關如何存取其標頭檔案的訊息，請參閱每個介面的文件檔案。最後，如果可以的話，還將在 libdir 下為可動態載入的模組建立一個私有的子目錄。

--with-extra-version=STRING

將 STRING 附加到 PostgreSQL 版本號。例如，您可以使用此標記來標記從未發布的 Git 快照所編譯的二進位檔案，或者包含帶有額外版本字串的自訂修補程式，例如 git describe 識別字或某個發行套裝的版本號碼。

--with-includes=DIRECTORIES

DIRECTORIES 是一個以冒號分隔的目錄列表，它們將加到編譯器搜尋標頭檔案的列表中。如果您在非標準路徑安裝了選擇性套件（例如GNU Readline），則必須使用此選項，並且可能還需要設定相對應的 --with-libraries 選項。

例如： --with-includes=/opt/gnu/include:/usr/sup/include

--with-libraries=DIRECTORIES

DIRECTORIES 是一個以冒號分隔的目錄列表，用於搜尋函式庫。如果您在非標準路徑安裝了某些軟體套件，則可能必須使用此選項（以及相對應的 --with-includes 選項）。

例如： --with-libraries=/opt/gnu/lib:/usr/sup/lib

--enable-nls[=LANGUAGES]

啟用內建語言支援（NLS），即以英語以外的語言顯示程式訊息的功能。 LANGUAGES 是您希望支援語言代碼的選擇性空格分隔列表，例如 --enable-nls ='de fr'。（將自動計算列表與實際提供的翻譯集之間的交集。）如果未指定列表，則會安裝所有可用的翻譯。

要使用此選項，您需要實作 Gettext API；如上所述。

--with-pgport=NUMBER

將 NUMBER 設定為伺服器和用戶端的預設連接埠號碼。預設值為 5432。之後可以隨時更改連接埠，但如果在此處指定端口，則伺服器和用戶端都將具有相同的預設編譯，這會非常方便。通常，選擇非預設值的唯一理由是，您打算在同一台機器上執行多個 PostgreSQL 伺服器。

--with-perl

編譯 PL / Perl 伺服器端語言。

--with-python

編譯 PL / Python 伺服器端語言。

--with-tcl

編譯 PL / Tcl 伺服器端語言。

--with-tclconfig=DIRECTORY

Tcl 安裝檔案 tclConfig.sh，其中包含編譯與 Tcl 介面模組所需的組態資訊。此檔案通常在一個眾所周知的路徑中自動找到，但如果您想使用不同版本的 Tcl，則可以指定搜尋它的目錄。

--with-gssapi

Build with support for GSSAPI authentication. On many systems, the GSSAPI (usually a part of the Kerberos installation) system is not installed in a location that is searched by default (e.g.,/usr/include, /usr/lib), so you must use the options --with-includes and --with-libraries in addition to this option. configure will check for the required header files and libraries to make sure that your GSSAPI installation is sufficient before proceeding.

--with-krb-srvnam=NAME

The default name of the Kerberos service principal used by GSSAPI. postgres is the default. There's usually no reason to change this unless you have a Windows environment, in which case it must be set to upper case POSTGRES.

--with-llvm

Build with support for LLVM based JIT compilation (see Chapter 32). This requires the LLVM library to be installed. The minimum required version of LLVM is currently 3.9.

llvm-config will be used to find the required compilation options. llvm-config, and then llvm-config-$major-$minor for all supported versions, will be searched on PATH. If that would not yield the correct binary, use LLVM_CONFIG to specify a path to the correct llvm-config. For example

./configure ... --with-llvm LLVM_CONFIG='/path/to/llvm/bin/llvm-config'

LLVM support requires a compatible clang compiler (specified, if necessary, using the CLANG environment variable), and a working C++ compiler (specified, if necessary, using the CXXenvironment variable).

--with-icu

Build with support for the ICU library. This requires the ICU4C package to be installed. The minimum required version of ICU4C is currently 4.2.

By default, pkg-config will be used to find the required compilation options. This is supported for ICU4C version 4.6 and later. For older versions, or if pkg-config is not available, the variables ICU_CFLAGS and ICU_LIBS can be specified to configure, like in this example:

./configure ... --with-icu ICU_CFLAGS='-I/some/where/include' ICU_LIBS='-L/some/where/lib -licui18n -licuuc -licudata'

(If ICU4C is in the default search path for the compiler, then you still need to specify a nonempty string in order to avoid use of pkg-config, for example, ICU_CFLAGS=' '.)

--with-openssl

Build with support for SSL (encrypted) connections. This requires the OpenSSL package to be installed. configure will check for the required header files and libraries to make sure that your OpenSSL installation is sufficient before proceeding.

--with-pam

Build with PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) support.

--with-bsd-auth

Build with BSD Authentication support. (The BSD Authentication framework is currently only available on OpenBSD.)

--with-ldap

Build with LDAP support for authentication and connection parameter lookup (see Section 34.17 and Section 20.10 for more information). On Unix, this requires the OpenLDAP package to be installed. On Windows, the default WinLDAP library is used. configure will check for the required header files and libraries to make sure that your OpenLDAP installation is sufficient before proceeding.

--with-systemd

Build with support for systemd service notifications. This improves integration if the server binary is started under systemd but has no impact otherwise; see Section 18.3 for more information. libsystemd and the associated header files need to be installed to be able to use this option.

--without-readline

Prevents use of the Readline library (and libedit as well). This option disables command-line editing and history in psql, so it is not recommended.

--with-libedit-preferred

Favors the use of the BSD-licensed libedit library rather than GPL-licensed Readline. This option is significant only if you have both libraries installed; the default in that case is to use Readline.

--with-bonjour

Build with Bonjour support. This requires Bonjour support in your operating system. Recommended on macOS.

--with-uuid=LIBRARY

Build the uuid-ossp module (which provides functions to generate UUIDs), using the specified UUID library. LIBRARY must be one of:

• bsd to use the UUID functions found in FreeBSD, NetBSD, and some other BSD-derived systems

• e2fs to use the UUID library created by the e2fsprogs project; this library is present in most Linux systems and in macOS, and can be obtained for other platforms as well

• ossp to use the OSSP UUID library

--with-ossp-uuid

Obsolete equivalent of --with-uuid=ossp.

--with-libxml

Build with libxml (enables SQL/XML support). Libxml version 2.6.23 or later is required for this feature.

Libxml installs a program xml2-config that can be used to detect the required compiler and linker options. PostgreSQL will use it automatically if found. To specify a libxml installation at an unusual location, you can either set the environment variable XML2_CONFIG to point to the xml2-config program belonging to the installation, or use the options --with-includes and --with-libraries.--with-libxslt

Use libxslt when building the xml2 module. xml2 relies on this library to perform XSL transformations of XML.

--disable-float4-byval

Disable passing float4 values “by value”, causing them to be passed “by reference” instead. This option costs performance, but may be needed for compatibility with old user-defined functions that are written in C and use the “version 0” calling convention. A better long-term solution is to update any such functions to use the “version 1” calling convention.

--disable-float8-byval

Disable passing float8 values “by value”, causing them to be passed “by reference” instead. This option costs performance, but may be needed for compatibility with old user-defined functions that are written in C and use the “version 0” calling convention. A better long-term solution is to update any such functions to use the “version 1” calling convention. Note that this option affects not only float8, but also int8 and some related types such as timestamp. On 32-bit platforms, --disable-float8-byval is the default and it is not allowed to select --enable-float8-byval.

--with-segsize=SEGSIZE

Set the segment size, in gigabytes. Large tables are divided into multiple operating-system files, each of size equal to the segment size. This avoids problems with file size limits that exist on many platforms. The default segment size, 1 gigabyte, is safe on all supported platforms. If your operating system has “largefile” support (which most do, nowadays), you can use a larger segment size. This can be helpful to reduce the number of file descriptors consumed when working with very large tables. But be careful not to select a value larger than is supported by your platform and the file systems you intend to use. Other tools you might wish to use, such as tar, could also set limits on the usable file size. It is recommended, though not absolutely required, that this value be a power of 2. Note that changing this value requires an initdb.

--with-blocksize=BLOCKSIZE

Set the block size, in kilobytes. This is the unit of storage and I/O within tables. The default, 8 kilobytes, is suitable for most situations; but other values may be useful in special cases. The value must be a power of 2 between 1 and 32 (kilobytes). Note that changing this value requires an initdb.

--with-wal-blocksize=BLOCKSIZE

Set the WAL block size, in kilobytes. This is the unit of storage and I/O within the WAL log. The default, 8 kilobytes, is suitable for most situations; but other values may be useful in special cases. The value must be a power of 2 between 1 and 64 (kilobytes). Note that changing this value requires an initdb.

--disable-spinlocks

Allow the build to succeed even if PostgreSQL has no CPU spinlock support for the platform. The lack of spinlock support will result in poor performance; therefore, this option should only be used if the build aborts and informs you that the platform lacks spinlock support. If this option is required to build PostgreSQL on your platform, please report the problem to the PostgreSQLdevelopers.

--disable-strong-random

Allow the build to succeed even if PostgreSQL has no support for strong random numbers on the platform. A source of random numbers is needed for some authentication protocols, as well as some routines in the pgcrypto module. --disable-strong-random disables functionality that requires cryptographically strong random numbers, and substitutes a weak pseudo-random-number-generator for the generation of authentication salt values and query cancel keys. It may make authentication less secure.

--disable-thread-safety

Disable the thread-safety of client libraries. This prevents concurrent threads in libpq and ECPG programs from safely controlling their private connection handles.

--with-system-tzdata=DIRECTORY

PostgreSQL includes its own time zone database, which it requires for date and time operations. This time zone database is in fact compatible with the IANA time zone database provided by many operating systems such as FreeBSD, Linux, and Solaris, so it would be redundant to install it again. When this option is used, the system-supplied time zone database in DIRECTORY is used instead of the one included in the PostgreSQL source distribution. DIRECTORY must be specified as an absolute path. /usr/share/zoneinfo is a likely directory on some operating systems. Note that the installation routine will not detect mismatching or erroneous time zone data. If you use this option, you are advised to run the regression tests to verify that the time zone data you have pointed to works correctly with PostgreSQL.

This option is mainly aimed at binary package distributors who know their target operating system well. The main advantage of using this option is that the PostgreSQL package won't need to be upgraded whenever any of the many local daylight-saving time rules change. Another advantage is that PostgreSQL can be cross-compiled more straightforwardly if the time zone database files do not need to be built during the installation.

--without-zlib

Prevents use of the Zlib library. This disables support for compressed archives in pg_dump and pg_restore. This option is only intended for those rare systems where this library is not available.

--enable-debug

Compiles all programs and libraries with debugging symbols. This means that you can run the programs in a debugger to analyze problems. This enlarges the size of the installed executables considerably, and on non-GCC compilers it usually also disables compiler optimization, causing slowdowns. However, having the symbols available is extremely helpful for dealing with any problems that might arise. Currently, this option is recommended for production installations only if you use GCC. But you should always have it on if you are doing development work or running a beta version.

--enable-coverage

If using GCC, all programs and libraries are compiled with code coverage testing instrumentation. When run, they generate files in the build directory with code coverage metrics. SeeSection 33.5 for more information. This option is for use only with GCC and when doing development work.

--enable-profiling

If using GCC, all programs and libraries are compiled so they can be profiled. On backend exit, a subdirectory will be created that contains the gmon.out file for use in profiling. This option is for use only with GCC and when doing development work.

--enable-cassert

Enables assertion checks in the server, which test for many “cannot happen” conditions. This is invaluable for code development purposes, but the tests can slow down the server significantly. Also, having the tests turned on won't necessarily enhance the stability of your server! The assertion checks are not categorized for severity, and so what might be a relatively harmless bug will still lead to server restarts if it triggers an assertion failure. This option is not recommended for production use, but you should have it on for development work or when running a beta version.

--enable-depend

Enables automatic dependency tracking. With this option, the makefiles are set up so that all affected object files will be rebuilt when any header file is changed. This is useful if you are doing development work, but is just wasted overhead if you intend only to compile once and install. At present, this option only works with GCC.

--enable-dtrace

Compiles PostgreSQL with support for the dynamic tracing tool DTrace. See Section 28.5 for more information.

To point to the dtrace program, the environment variable DTRACE can be set. This will often be necessary because dtrace is typically installed under /usr/sbin, which might not be in the path.

Extra command-line options for the dtrace program can be specified in the environment variable DTRACEFLAGS. On Solaris, to include DTrace support in a 64-bit binary, you must specify DTRACEFLAGS="-64" to configure. For example, using the GCC compiler:

./configure CC='gcc -m64' --enable-dtrace DTRACEFLAGS='-64' ...

Using Sun's compiler:

./configure CC='/opt/SUNWspro/bin/cc -xtarget=native64' --enable-dtrace DTRACEFLAGS='-64' ...

--enable-tap-tests

Enable tests using the Perl TAP tools. This requires a Perl installation and the Perl module IPC::Run. See Section 33.4 for more information.

If you prefer a C compiler different from the one configure picks, you can set the environment variable CC to the program of your choice. By default, configure will pick gcc if available, else the platform's default (usually cc). Similarly, you can override the default compiler flags if needed with the CFLAGS variable.

You can specify environment variables on the configure command line, for example:

./configure CC=/opt/bin/gcc CFLAGS='-O2 -pipe'

Here is a list of the significant variables that can be set in this manner:

BISON

Bison program

CC

C compiler

CFLAGS

options to pass to the C compiler

CLANG

path to clang program used to process source code for inlining when compiling with --with-llvmCPP

C preprocessor

CPPFLAGS

options to pass to the C preprocessor

CXX

C++ compiler

CXXFLAGS

options to pass to the C++ compiler

DTRACE

location of the dtrace program

DTRACEFLAGS

options to pass to the dtrace program

FLEX

Flex programLDFLAGS

options to use when linking either executables or shared libraries

LDFLAGS_EX

additional options for linking executables only

LDFLAGS_SL

additional options for linking shared libraries only

LLVM_CONFIG

llvm-config program used to locate the LLVM installation.

MSGFMT

msgfmt program for native language support

PERL

Full path name of the Perl interpreter. This will be used to determine the dependencies for building PL/Perl.

PYTHON

Full path name of the Python interpreter. This will be used to determine the dependencies for building PL/Python. Also, whether Python 2 or 3 is specified here (or otherwise implicitly chosen) determines which variant of the PL/Python language becomes available. See Section 46.1 for more information.

TCLSH

Full path name of the Tcl interpreter. This will be used to determine the dependencies for building PL/Tcl, and it will be substituted into Tcl scripts.

XML2_CONFIG

xml2-config program used to locate the libxml installation.

Sometimes it is useful to add compiler flags after-the-fact to the set that were chosen by configure. An important example is that gcc's -Werror option cannot be included in the CFLAGSpassed to configure, because it will break many of configure's built-in tests. To add such flags, include them in the COPT environment variable while running make. The contents ofCOPT are added to both the CFLAGS and LDFLAGS options set up by configure. For example, you could do

make COPT='-Werror'

or

export COPT='-Werror'
make

Note

When developing code inside the server, it is recommended to use the configure options --enable-cassert (which turns on many run-time error checks) and --enable-debug(which improves the usefulness of debugging tools).

If using GCC, it is best to build with an optimization level of at least -O1, because using no optimization (-O0) disables some important compiler warnings (such as the use of uninitialized variables). However, non-zero optimization levels can complicate debugging because stepping through compiled code will usually not match up one-to-one with source code lines. If you get confused while trying to debug optimized code, recompile the specific files of interest with -O0. An easy way to do this is by passing an option to make:

make PROFILE=-O0 file.o.

The COPT and PROFILE environment variables are actually handled identically by the PostgreSQL makefiles. Which to use is a matter of preference, but a common habit among developers is to use PROFILE for one-time flag adjustments, while COPT might be kept set all the time.

2. 編譯

要開始編譯，請輸入以下任一項：

make
make all

（請使用GNU make。）編譯將花費一些時間，具體取決於您的硬體。顯示的最後一行應該是：

All of PostgreSQL successfully made. Ready to install.

如果要編譯所有可編譯的內容，包括文件（HTML和手冊頁）以及其他模組（contrib），請輸入：

make world

顯示的最後一行應該是：

PostgreSQL, contrib, and documentation successfully made. Ready to install.

如果要從另一個 makefile 而不是手動呼叫編譯，則必須取消設定 MAKELEVEL 或將其設定為零，例如：

build-postgresql:
        $(MAKE) -C postgresql MAKELEVEL=0 all

如果不這樣做可能會導致奇怪的錯誤訊息，通常是缺少標頭檔案。

3. 迴歸測試

如果要在安裝之前測試新編譯的伺服器，則可以在此時執行迴歸測試。迴歸測試是一個測試套件，用於驗證 PostgreSQL 是否以開發人員期望的方式在您的主機上執行。輸入：

make check

（這不能以 root 身份運行；請以非特權用戶身份執行。）有關解釋測試結果的詳細訊息，請參閱第 33 章。您可以在之後透過相同的命令重複此測試。

4. Installing the Files

Note

If you are upgrading an existing system be sure to read Section 18.6, which has instructions about upgrading a cluster.

To install PostgreSQL enter:

make install

This will install files into the directories that were specified in Step 1. Make sure that you have appropriate permissions to write into that area. Normally you need to do this step as root. Alternatively, you can create the target directories in advance and arrange for appropriate permissions to be granted.

To install the documentation (HTML and man pages), enter:

make install-docs

If you built the world above, type instead:

make install-world

This also installs the documentation.

You can use make install-strip instead of make install to strip the executable files and libraries as they are installed. This will save some space. If you built with debugging support, stripping will effectively remove the debugging support, so it should only be done if debugging is no longer needed. install-strip tries to do a reasonable job saving space, but it does not have perfect knowledge of how to strip every unneeded byte from an executable file, so if you want to save all the disk space you possibly can, you will have to do manual work.

The standard installation provides all the header files needed for client application development as well as for server-side program development, such as custom functions or data types written in C. (Prior to PostgreSQL 8.0, a separate make install-all-headers command was needed for the latter, but this step has been folded into the standard install.)

Client-only installation: If you want to install only the client applications and interface libraries, then you can use these commands:

make -C src/bin install
make -C src/include install
make -C src/interfaces install
make -C doc install

src/bin has a few binaries for server-only use, but they are small.

Uninstallation: To undo the installation use the command make uninstall. However, this will not remove any created directories.

Cleaning: After the installation you can free disk space by removing the built files from the source tree with the command make clean. This will preserve the files made by the configure program, so that you can rebuild everything with make later on. To reset the source tree to the state in which it was distributed, use make distclean. If you are going to build for several platforms within the same source tree you must do this and re-configure for each platform. (Alternatively, use a separate build tree for each platform, so that the source tree remains unmodified.)

If you perform a build and then discover that your configure options were wrong, or if you change anything that configure investigates (for example, software upgrades), then it's a good idea to do make distclean before reconfiguring and rebuilding. Without this, your changes in configuration choices might not propagate everywhere they need to.

16.5.1. Shared Libraries

On some systems with shared libraries you need to tell the system how to find the newly installed shared libraries. The systems on which this is not necessary include FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and Solaris.

The method to set the shared library search path varies between platforms, but the most widely-used method is to set the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH like so: In Bourne shells (sh, ksh, bash, zsh):

or in csh or tcsh:

Replace /usr/local/pgsql/lib with whatever you set --libdir to in . You should put these commands into a shell start-up file such as /etc/profile or ~/.bash_profile. Some good information about the caveats associated with this method can be found at .

On some systems it might be preferable to set the environment variable LD_RUN_PATH before building.

On Cygwin, put the library directory in the PATH or move the .dll files into the bin directory.

If in doubt, refer to the manual pages of your system (perhaps ld.so or rld). If you later get a message like:

then this step was necessary. Simply take care of it then.

If you are on Linux and you have root access, you can run:

(or equivalent directory) after installation to enable the run-time linker to find the shared libraries faster. Refer to the manual page of ldconfig for more information. On FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD the command is:

instead. Other systems are not known to have an equivalent command.

16.5.2. Environment Variables

To do this, add the following to your shell start-up file, such as ~/.bash_profile (or /etc/profile, if you want it to affect all users):

If you are using csh or tcsh, then use this command:

To enable your system to find the man documentation, you need to add lines like the following to a shell start-up file unless you installed into a location that is searched by default:

The environment variables PGHOST and PGPORT specify to client applications the host and port of the database server, overriding the compiled-in defaults. If you are going to run client applications remotely then it is convenient if every user that plans to use the database sets PGHOST. This is not required, however; the settings can be communicated via command line options to most client programs.

The PostgreSQL 10.5 sources can be obtained from the download section of our website: . You should get a file named postgresql-10.5.tar.gz or postgresql-10.5.tar.bz2. After you have obtained the file, unpack it:

(Use bunzip2 instead of gunzip if you have the .bz2 file.) This will create a directory postgresql-10.5 under the current directory with the PostgreSQL sources. Change into that directory for the rest of the installation procedure.

You can also get the source directly from the version control repository, see .

In general, a modern Unix-compatible platform should be able to run PostgreSQL. The platforms that had received specific testing at the time of release are listed in below. In the doc subdirectory of the distribution there are several platform-specific FAQ documents you might wish to consult if you are having trouble.

The following software packages are required for building PostgreSQL:

• GNU make version 3.80 or newer is required; other make programs or older GNU make versions will not work. (GNU make is sometimes installed under the name gmake.) To test for GNU make enter:

• You need an ISO/ANSI C compiler (at least C89-compliant). Recent versions of GCC are recommended, but PostgreSQL is known to build using a wide variety of compilers from different vendors.

• tar is required to unpack the source distribution, in addition to either gzip or bzip2.

• The GNU Readline library is used by default. It allows psql (the PostgreSQL command line SQL interpreter) to remember each command you type, and allows you to use arrow keys to recall and edit previous commands. This is very helpful and is strongly recommended. If you don't want to use it then you must specify the --without-readline option to configure. As an alternative, you can often use the BSD-licensed libedit library, originally developed on NetBSD. The libedit library is GNU Readline-compatible and is used if libreadline is not found, or if --with-libedit-preferred is used as an option to configure. If you are using a package-based Linux distribution, be aware that you need both the readline and readline-devel packages, if those are separate in your distribution.

• The zlib compression library is used by default. If you don't want to use it then you must specify the --without-zlib option to configure. Using this option disables support for compressed archives in pg_dump andpg_restore.

The following packages are optional. They are not required in the default configuration, but they are needed when certain build options are enabled, as explained below:

• To build the server programming language PL/Perl you need a full Perl installation, including the libperl library and the header files. The minimum required version is Perl 5.8.3. Since PL/Perl will be a shared library, the libperl library must be a shared library also on most platforms. This appears to be the default in recent Perl versions, but it was not in earlier versions, and in any case it is the choice of whomever installed Perl at your site. configure will fail if building PL/Perl is selected but it cannot find a shared libperl. In that case, you will have to rebuild and install Perl manually to be able to build PL/Perl. During the configuration process for Perl, request a shared library.

  If you intend to make more than incidental use of PL/Perl, you should ensure that the Perl installation was built with the usemultiplicity option enabled (perl -V will show whether this is the case).

• To build the PL/Python server programming language, you need a Python installation with the header files and the distutils module. The minimum required version is Python 2.4. Python 3 is supported if it's version 3.1 or later; but see when using Python 3.

  Since PL/Python will be a shared library, the libpython library must be a shared library also on most platforms. This is not the case in a default Python installation built from source, but a shared library is available in many operating system distributions. configure will fail if building PL/Python is selected but it cannot find a shared libpython. That might mean that you either have to install additional packages or rebuild (part of) your Python installation to provide this shared library. When building from source, run Python's configure with the --enable-shared flag.

• To build the PL/Tcl procedural language, you of course need a Tcl installation. The minimum required version is Tcl 8.4.

• To enable Native Language Support (NLS), that is, the ability to display a program's messages in a language other than English, you need an implementation of the Gettext API. Some operating systems have this built-in (e.g., Linux, NetBSD, Solaris), for other systems you can download an add-on package from . If you are using the Gettext implementation in the GNU C library then you will additionally need the GNU Gettext package for some utility programs. For any of the other implementations you will not need it.

• You need OpenSSL, if you want to support encrypted client connections. The minimum required version is 0.9.8.

• You need Kerberos, OpenLDAP, and/or PAM, if you want to support authentication using those services.

• To build the PostgreSQL documentation, there is a separate set of requirements; see .

If you are building from a Git tree instead of using a released source package, or if you want to do server development, you also need the following packages:

• GNU Flex and Bison are needed to build from a Git checkout, or if you changed the actual scanner and parser definition files. If you need them, be sure to get Flex 2.5.31 or later and Bison 1.875 or later. Other lexand yacc programs cannot be used.

• Perl 5.8.3 or later is needed to build from a Git checkout, or if you changed the input files for any of the build steps that use Perl scripts. If building on Windows you will need Perl in any case. Perl is also required to run some test suites.

Also check that you have sufficient disk space. You will need about 100 MB for the source tree during compilation and about 20 MB for the installation directory. An empty database cluster takes about 35 MB; databases take about five times the amount of space that a flat text file with the same data would take. If you are going to run the regression tests you will temporarily need up to an extra 150 MB. Use the df command to check free disk space.

This section documents additional platform-specific issues regarding the installation and setup of PostgreSQL. Be sure to read the installation instructions, and in particular as well. Also, check regarding the interpretation of regression test results.

Platforms that are not covered here have no known platform-specific installation issues.

16.7.1. AIX

PostgreSQL works on AIX, but getting it installed properly can be challenging. AIX versions from 4.3.3 to 6.1 are considered supported. You can use GCC or the native IBM compiler xlc. In general, using recent versions of AIX and PostgreSQL helps. Check the build farm for up to date information about which versions of AIX are known to work.

The minimum recommended fix levels for supported AIX versions are:AIX 4.3.3

Maintenance Level 11 + post ML11 bundleAIX 5.1

Maintenance Level 9 + post ML9 bundleAIX 5.2

Technology Level 10 Service Pack 3AIX 5.3

Technology Level 7AIX 6.1

Base Level

To check your current fix level, use oslevel -r in AIX 4.3.3 to AIX 5.2 ML 7, or oslevel -s in later versions.

Use the following configure flags in addition to your own if you have installed Readline or libz in /usr/local: --with-includes=/usr/local/include --with-libraries=/usr/local/lib.

16.7.1.1. GCC Issues

On AIX 5.3, there have been some problems getting PostgreSQL to compile and run using GCC.

You will want to use a version of GCC subsequent to 3.3.2, particularly if you use a prepackaged version. We had good success with 4.0.1. Problems with earlier versions seem to have more to do with the way IBM packaged GCC than with actual issues with GCC, so that if you compile GCC yourself, you might well have success with an earlier version of GCC.

16.7.1.2. Unix-Domain Sockets Broken

AIX 5.3 has a problem where sockaddr_storage is not defined to be large enough. In version 5.3, IBM increased the size of sockaddr_un, the address structure for Unix-domain sockets, but did not correspondingly increase the size of sockaddr_storage. The result of this is that attempts to use Unix-domain sockets with PostgreSQL lead to libpq overflowing the data structure. TCP/IP connections work OK, but not Unix-domain sockets, which prevents the regression tests from working.

The problem was reported to IBM, and is recorded as bug report PMR29657. If you upgrade to maintenance level 5300-03 or later, that will include this fix. A quick workaround is to alter _SS_MAXSIZE to 1025 in /usr/include/sys/socket.h. In either case, recompile PostgreSQL once you have the corrected header file.

16.7.1.3. Internet Address Issues

PostgreSQL relies on the system's getaddrinfo function to parse IP addresses in listen_addresses, pg_hba.conf, etc. Older versions of AIX have assorted bugs in this function. If you have problems related to these settings, updating to the appropriate AIX fix level shown above should take care of it.

One user reports:

When implementing PostgreSQL version 8.1 on AIX 5.3, we periodically ran into problems where the statistics collector would “mysteriously” not come up successfully. This appears to be the result of unexpected behavior in the IPv6 implementation. It looks like PostgreSQL and IPv6 do not play very well together on AIX 5.3.

Any of the following actions “fix” the problem.

• Delete the IPv6 address for localhost:
• Remove IPv6 from net services. The file /etc/netsvc.conf on AIX is roughly equivalent to /etc/nsswitch.conf on Solaris/Linux. The default, on AIX, is thus:

  Replace this with:

  to deactivate searching for IPv6 addresses.

Warning

This is really a workaround for problems relating to immaturity of IPv6 support, which improved visibly during the course of AIX 5.3 releases. It has worked with AIX version 5.3, but does not represent an elegant solution to the problem. It has been reported that this workaround is not only unnecessary, but causes problems on AIX 6.1, where IPv6 support has become more mature.

16.7.1.4. Memory Management

AIX can be somewhat peculiar with regards to the way it does memory management. You can have a server with many multiples of gigabytes of RAM free, but still get out of memory or address space errors when running applications. One example is loading of extensions failing with unusual errors. For example, running as the owner of the PostgreSQL installation:

Running as a non-owner in the group possessing the PostgreSQL installation:

Another example is out of memory errors in the PostgreSQL server logs, with every memory allocation near or greater than 256 MB failing.

The overall cause of all these problems is the default bittedness and memory model used by the server process. By default, all binaries built on AIX are 32-bit. This does not depend upon hardware type or kernel in use. These 32-bit processes are limited to 4 GB of memory laid out in 256 MB segments using one of a few models. The default allows for less than 256 MB in the heap as it shares a single segment with the stack.

In the case of the plperl example, above, check your umask and the permissions of the binaries in your PostgreSQL installation. The binaries involved in that example were 32-bit and installed as mode 750 instead of 755. Due to the permissions being set in this fashion, only the owner or a member of the possessing group can load the library. Since it isn't world-readable, the loader places the object into the process' heap instead of the shared library segments where it would otherwise be placed.

The “ideal” solution for this is to use a 64-bit build of PostgreSQL, but that is not always practical, because systems with 32-bit processors can build, but not run, 64-bit binaries.

If a 32-bit binary is desired, set LDR_CNTRL to MAXDATA=0xn_0000000, where 1 <= n <= 8, before starting the PostgreSQL server, and try different values and postgresql.conf settings to find a configuration that works satisfactorily. This use of LDR_CNTRL tells AIX that you want the server to have MAXDATA bytes set aside for the heap, allocated in 256 MB segments. When you find a workable configuration, ldedit can be used to modify the binaries so that they default to using the desired heap size. PostgreSQL can also be rebuilt, passingconfigure LDFLAGS="-Wl,-bmaxdata:0xn_0000000" to achieve the same effect.

For a 64-bit build, set OBJECT_MODE to 64 and pass CC="gcc -maix64" and LDFLAGS="-Wl,-bbigtoc" to configure. (Options for xlc might differ.) If you omit the export of OBJECT_MODE, your build may fail with linker errors. When OBJECT_MODE is set, it tells AIX's build utilities such as ar, as, and ld what type of objects to default to handling.

By default, overcommit of paging space can happen. While we have not seen this occur, AIX will kill processes when it runs out of memory and the overcommit is accessed. The closest to this that we have seen is fork failing because the system decided that there was not enough memory for another process. Like many other parts of AIX, the paging space allocation method and out-of-memory kill is configurable on a system- or process-wide basis if this becomes a problem.

References and Resources

16.7.2. Cygwin

When building from source, proceed according to the normal installation procedure (i.e., ./configure; make; etc.), noting the following-Cygwin specific differences:

• Set your path to use the Cygwin bin directory before the Windows utilities. This will help prevent problems with compilation.

• The adduser command is not supported; use the appropriate user management application on Windows NT, 2000, or XP. Otherwise, skip this step.

• The su command is not supported; use ssh to simulate su on Windows NT, 2000, or XP. Otherwise, skip this step.

• OpenSSL is not supported.

• Start cygserver for shared memory support. To do this, enter the command /usr/sbin/cygserver &. This program needs to be running anytime you start the PostgreSQL server or initialize a database cluster (initdb). The default cygserver configuration may need to be changed (e.g., increase SEMMNS) to prevent PostgreSQL from failing due to a lack of system resources.

• Building might fail on some systems where a locale other than C is in use. To fix this, set the locale to C by doing export LANG=C.utf8 before building, and then setting it back to the previous setting, after you have installed PostgreSQL.

• The parallel regression tests (make check) can generate spurious regression test failures due to overflowing the listen() backlog queue which causes connection refused errors or hangs. You can limit the number of connections using the make variableMAX_CONNECTIONS thus:

  (On some systems you can have up to about 10 simultaneous connections).

It is possible to install cygserver and the PostgreSQL server as Windows NT services. For information on how to do this, please refer to the README document included with the PostgreSQL binary package on Cygwin. It is installed in the directory /usr/share/doc/Cygwin.

16.7.3. HP-UX

PostgreSQL 7.3+ should work on Series 700/800 PA-RISC machines running HP-UX 10.X or 11.X, given appropriate system patch levels and build tools. At least one developer routinely tests on HP-UX 10.20, and we have reports of successful installations on HP-UX 11.00 and 11.11.

Aside from the PostgreSQL source distribution, you will need GNU make (HP's make will not do), and either GCC or HP's full ANSI C compiler. If you intend to build from Git sources rather than a distribution tarball, you will also need Flex (GNU lex) and Bison (GNU yacc). We also recommend making sure you are fairly up-to-date on HP patches. At a minimum, if you are building 64 bit binaries on HP-UX 11.11 you may need PHSS_30966 (11.11) or a successor patch otherwise initdb may hang:

PHSS_30966 s700_800 ld(1) and linker tools cumulative patch

If you are building on a PA-RISC 2.0 machine and want to have 64-bit binaries using GCC, you must use a GCC 64-bit version.

If you are building on a PA-RISC 2.0 machine and want the compiled binaries to run on PA-RISC 1.1 machines you will need to specify +DAportable in CFLAGS.

If you are building on a HP-UX Itanium machine, you will need the latest HP ANSI C compiler with its dependent patch or successor patches:

PHSS_30848 s700_800 HP C Compiler (A.05.57) PHSS_30849 s700_800 u2comp/be/plugin library Patch

If you have both HP's C compiler and GCC's, then you might want to explicitly select the compiler to use when you run configure:

for HP's C compiler, or

for GCC. If you omit this setting, then configure will pick gcc if it has a choice.

The default install target location is /usr/local/pgsql, which you might want to change to something under /opt. If so, use the --prefix switch to configure.

In the regression tests, there might be some low-order-digit differences in the geometry tests, which vary depending on which compiler and math library versions you use. Any other error is cause for suspicion.

16.7.4. MinGW/Native Windows

After you have everything installed, it is suggested that you run psql under CMD.EXE, as the MSYS console has buffering issues.

16.7.4.1. Collecting Crash Dumps on Windows

If PostgreSQL on Windows crashes, it has the ability to generate minidumps that can be used to track down the cause for the crash, similar to core dumps on Unix. These dumps can be read using the Windows Debugger Tools or using Visual Studio. To enable the generation of dumps on Windows, create a subdirectory named crashdumps inside the cluster data directory. The dumps will then be written into this directory with a unique name based on the identifier of the crashing process and the current time of the crash.

16.7.5. Solaris

PostgreSQL is well-supported on Solaris. The more up to date your operating system, the fewer issues you will experience; details below.

16.7.5.1. Required Tools

You can build with either GCC or Sun's compiler suite. For better code optimization, Sun's compiler is strongly recommended on the SPARC architecture. We have heard reports of problems when using GCC 2.95.1; GCC 2.95.3 or later is recommended. If you are using Sun's compiler, be careful not to select /usr/ucb/cc; use /opt/SUNWspro/bin/cc.

16.7.5.2. configure Complains About a Failed Test Program

If configure complains about a failed test program, this is probably a case of the run-time linker being unable to find some library, probably libz, libreadline or some other non-standard library such as libssl. To point it to the right location, set the LDFLAGS environment variable on the configure command line, e.g.,

See the ld man page for more information.

16.7.5.3. 64-bit Build Sometimes Crashes

On Solaris 7 and older, the 64-bit version of libc has a buggy vsnprintf routine, which leads to erratic core dumps in PostgreSQL. The simplest known workaround is to force PostgreSQL to use its own version of vsnprintf rather than the library copy. To do this, after you run configure edit a file produced by configure: In src/Makefile.global, change the line

to read

(There might be other files already listed in this variable. Order does not matter.) Then build as usual.

16.7.5.4. Compiling for Optimal Performance

On the SPARC architecture, Sun Studio is strongly recommended for compilation. Try using the -xO5 optimization flag to generate significantly faster binaries. Do not use any flags that modify behavior of floating-point operations and errno processing (e.g., -fast). These flags could raise some nonstandard PostgreSQL behavior for example in the date/time computing.

If you do not have a reason to use 64-bit binaries on SPARC, prefer the 32-bit version. The 64-bit operations are slower and 64-bit binaries are slower than the 32-bit variants. And on other hand, 32-bit code on the AMD64 CPU family is not native, and that is why 32-bit code is significant slower on this CPU family.

16.7.5.5. Using DTrace for Tracing PostgreSQL

If you see the linking of the postgres executable abort with an error message like:

your DTrace installation is too old to handle probes in static functions. You need Solaris 10u4 or newer.

本章介紹使用原始碼安裝 PostgreSQL。（如果您正在安裝預先封裝的發行版，例如 RPM 或 Debian 套件，請忽略本章並改為閱讀套件程序的說明。）

A platform (that is, a CPU architecture and operating system combination) is considered supported by the PostgreSQL development community if the code contains provisions to work on that platform and it has recently been verified to build and pass its regression tests on that platform. Currently, most testing of platform compatibility is done automatically by test machines in the PostgreSQL Build Farm. If you are interested in using PostgreSQL on a platform that is not represented in the build farm, but on which the code works or can be made to work, you are strongly encouraged to set up a build farm member machine so that continued compatibility can be assured.

In general, PostgreSQL can be expected to work on these CPU architectures: x86, x86_64, IA64, PowerPC, PowerPC 64, S/390, S/390x, Sparc, Sparc 64, ARM, MIPS, MIPSEL, and PA-RISC. Code support exists for M68K, M32R, and VAX, but these architectures are not known to have been tested recently. It is often possible to build on an unsupported CPU type by configuring with --disable-spinlocks, but performance will be poor.

PostgreSQL can be expected to work on these operating systems: Linux (all recent distributions), Windows (Win2000 SP4 and later), FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, macOS, AIX, HP/UX, and Solaris. Other Unix-like systems may also work but are not currently being tested. In most cases, all CPU architectures supported by a given operating system will work. Look in Section 16.7 below to see if there is information specific to your operating system, particularly if using an older system.

If you have installation problems on a platform that is known to be supported according to recent build farm results, please report it to <pgsql-bugs@postgresql.org>. If you are interested in porting PostgreSQL to a new platform, <pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org> is the appropriate place to discuss that.

./configure
make
su
make install
adduser postgres
mkdir /usr/local/pgsql/data
chown postgres /usr/local/pgsql/data
su - postgres
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data >logfile 2>&1 &
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/createdb test
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql test

The long version is the rest of this chapter.