PostgreSQL 正體中文使用手冊
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  • 簡介
  • 前言
    • 1. 什麼是 PostgreSQL?
    • 2. PostgreSQL 沿革
    • 3. 慣例
    • 4. 其他參考資訊
    • 5. 問題回報指南
  • I. 新手教學
    • 1. 入門指南
      • 1.1. 安裝
      • 1.2. 基礎架構
      • 1.3. 建立一個資料庫
      • 1.4. 存取一個資料庫
    • 2. SQL 查詢語言
      • 2.1. 簡介
      • 2.2. 概念
      • 2.3. 創建一個新的資料表
      • 2.4. 資料列是資料表的組成單位
      • 2.5. 資料表的查詢
      • 2.6. 交叉查詢
      • 2.7. 彙總查詢
      • 2.8. 更新資料
      • 2.9. 刪除資料
    • 3. 先進功能
      • 3.1. 簡介
      • 3.2. 檢視表(View)
      • 3.3. 外部索引鍵
      • 3.4. 交易安全
      • 3.5. 窗函數
      • 3.6. 繼承
      • 3.7. 結論
  • II. SQL 查詢語言
    • 4. SQL 語法
      • 4.1. 語法結構
      • 4.2. 參數表示式
      • 4.3. 函數呼叫
    • 5. 定義資料結構
      • 5.1. 認識資料表
      • 5.2. 預設值
      • 5.3. Generated Columns
      • 5.4. 限制條件
      • 5.5. 系統欄位
      • 5.6. 表格變更
      • 5.7. 權限
      • 5.8. 資料列安全原則
      • 5.9. Schemas
      • 5.10. 繼承
      • 5.11. 分割資料表
      • 5.12. 外部資料
      • 5.13. 其他資料庫物件
      • 5.14. 相依性追蹤
    • 6. 資料處理
      • 6.1. 新增資料
      • 6.2. 更新資料
      • 6.3. 刪除資料
      • 6.4. 修改並回傳資料
    • 7. 資料查詢
      • 7.1. 概觀
      • 7.2. 資料表表示式
      • 7.3. 取得資料列表
      • 7.4. 合併查詢結果
      • 7.5. 資料排序
      • 7.6. LIMIT 和 OFFSET
      • 7.7. VALUES 列舉資料
      • 7.8. WITH Querys(Common Table Expressions)
    • 8. 資料型別
      • 8.1. 數字型別
      • 8.2. 貨幣型別
      • 8.3. 字串型別
      • 8.4. 位元組型別(bytea)
      • 8.5. 日期時間型別
      • 8.6. 布林型別
      • 8.7. 列舉型別
      • 8.8. 地理資訊型別
      • 8.9. 網路資訊型別
      • 8.10. 位元字串型別
      • 8.11. 全文檢索型別
      • 8.12. UUID 型別
      • 8.13. XML 型別
      • 8.14. JSON 型別
      • 8.15. 陣列
      • 8.16. 複合型別
      • 8.17. 範圍型別
      • 8.18. Domain Types
      • 8.19. 物件指標型別
      • 8.20. pg_lsn 型別
      • 8.21. 概念型別
    • 9. 函式及運算子
      • 9.1. 邏輯運算子
      • 9.2. 比較函式及運算子
      • 9.3. 數學函式及運算子
      • 9.4. 字串函式及運算子
      • 9.5. 位元字串函式及運算子
      • 9.6. 二元字串函式及運算子
      • 9.7. 特徵比對
      • 9.8. 型別轉換函式
      • 9.9 日期時間函式及運算子
      • 9.10. 列舉型別函式
      • 9.11. 地理資訊函式及運算子
      • 9.12. 網路位址函式及運算子
      • 9.13. 文字檢索函式及運算子
      • 9.14. UUID Functions
      • 9.15. XML 函式
      • 9.16. JSON 函式及運算子
      • 9.17. 序列函式
      • 9.18. 條件表示式
      • 9.19. 陣列函式及運算子
      • 9.20. 範圍函式及運算子
      • 9.21. 彙總函數
      • 9.22. Window 函式
      • 9.23. 子查詢
      • 9.24. 資料列與陣列的比較運算
      • 9.25. 集合回傳函數
      • 9.26. 系統資訊函數
      • 9.27. 系統管理函式
      • 9.28. 觸發函式
      • 9.29. 事件觸發函式
      • 9.30. Statistics Information Functions
    • 10. 型別轉換
      • 10.1. 概觀
      • 10.2. 運算子
      • 10.3. 函式
      • 10.4. 資料儲存轉換規則
      • 10.5. UNION、CASE 等相關結構
      • 10.6. SELECT 輸出規則
    • 11. 索引(Index)
      • 11.1. 簡介
      • 11.2. 索引型別
      • 11.3. 多欄位索引
      • 11.4. 索引與 ORDER BY
      • 11.5. 善用多個索引
      • 11.6. 唯一值索引
      • 11.7. 表示式索引
      • 11.8. 部份索引(partial index)
      • 11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes
      • 11.10. 運算子物件及家族
      • 11.11. 索引與排序規則
      • 11.12. 檢查索引運用
    • 12. 全文檢索
      • 12.1. 簡介
      • 12.2. 查詢與索引
      • 12.3. 細部控制
      • 12.4. 延伸功能
      • 12.5. 斷詞
      • 12.6. 字典
      • 12.7. 組態範例
      • 12.8. 測試與除錯
      • 12.9. GIN 及 GiST 索引型別
      • 12.10. psql支援
      • 12.11. 功能限制
    • 13. 一致性管理(Concurrency Control)
      • 13.1. 簡介
      • 13.2. 交易隔離
      • 13.3. 鎖定模式
      • 13.4. 在應用端檢視資料一致性
      • 13.5. Serialization Failure Handling
      • 13.6. 特別提醒
      • 13.7. 鎖定與索引
    • 14. 效能技巧
      • 14.1. 善用 EXPLAIN
      • 14.2. 統計資訊
      • 14.3. 使用確切的 JOIN 方式
      • 14.4. 快速建立資料庫內容
      • 14.5. 風險性彈性設定
    • 15. 平行查詢
      • 15.1. 如何運作?
      • 15.2. 啓用時機?
      • 15.3. 平行查詢計畫
      • 15.4. 平行查詢的安全性
  • III. 系統管理
    • 16. 以預編譯套件安裝
    • 17. 以原始碼安裝
      • 17.1. 簡要步驟
      • 17.2. 環境需求
      • 17.3. Getting The Source
      • 17.4. 安裝流程
      • 17.5. Post-Installation Setup
      • 17.6. Supported Platforms
      • 17.7. 平台相關的注意事項
    • 18. 以原始碼在 Windows 上安裝
      • 18.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Microsoft Windows SDK
    • 19. 服務配置與維運
      • 19.1. PostgreSQL 使用者帳號
      • 19.2. Creating a Database Cluster
      • 19.3. Starting the Database Server
      • 19.4. 核心資源管理
      • 19.5. Shutting Down the Server
      • 19.6. Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
      • 19.7. Preventing Server Spoofing
      • 19.8. Encryption Options
      • 19.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL
      • 19.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption
      • 19.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
      • 19.12. 在 Windows 註冊事件日誌
    • 20. 服務組態設定
      • 20.1. Setting Parameters
      • 20.2. File Locations
      • 20.3. 連線與認證
      • 20.4. 資源配置
      • 20.5. Write Ahead Log
      • 20.6. 複寫(Replication)
      • 20.7. 查詢規畫
      • 20.8. 錯誤回報與日誌記錄
      • 20.9. 執行階段統計資訊
      • 20.10. 自動資料庫清理
      • 20.11. 用戶端連線預設參數
      • 20.12. 交易鎖定管理
      • 20.13. 版本與平台的相容性
      • 20.14. Error Handling
      • 20.15. 預先配置的參數
      • 20.16. Customized Options
      • 20.17. Developer Options
      • 20.18. Short Options
    • 21. 使用者認證
      • 21.1. 設定檔:pg_hba.conf
      • 21.2. User Name Maps
      • 21.3. Authentication Methods
      • 21.4. Trust Authentication
      • 21.5. Password Authentication
      • 21.6. GSSAPI Authentication
      • 21.7. SSPI Authentication
      • 21.8. Ident Authentication
      • 21.9. Peer Authentication
      • 21.10. LDAP Authentication
      • 21.11. RADIUS Authentication
      • 21.12. Certificate Authentication
      • 21.13. PAM Authentication
      • 21.14. BSD Authentication
      • 21.15. Authentication Problems
    • 22. 資料庫角色
      • 22.1. Database Roles
      • 22.2. Role Attributes
      • 22.3. Role Membership
      • 22.4. 移除角色
      • 22.5. Default Roles
      • 22.6. Function Security
    • 23. 管理資料庫
      • 23.1. Overview
      • 23.2. Creating a Database
      • 23.3. 樣版資料庫
      • 23.4. Database Configuration
      • 23.5. Destroying a Database
      • 23.6. Tablespaces
    • 24. 語系
      • 24.1. 語系支援
      • 24.2. Collation Support
      • 24.3. 字元集支援
    • 25. 例行性資料庫維護工作
      • 25.1. 例行性資料清理
      • 25.2. 定期重建索引
      • 25.3. Log 檔案維護
    • 26. 備份及還原
      • 26.1. SQL Dump
      • 26.2. 檔案系統層級備份
      • 26.3. 持續封存及 Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
    • 27. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
      • 27.1. 比較不同的解決方案
      • 27.2. 日誌轉送備用伺服器 Log-Shipping Standby Servers
      • 27.3. Failover
      • 27.4. Hot Standby
    • 28. 監控資料庫活動
      • 28.1. 標準的 Unix 工具
      • 28.2. 統計資訊收集器
      • 28.3. Viewing Locks
      • 28.4. Progress Reporting
      • 28.5. Dynamic Tracing
    • 29. 監控磁碟使用情況
      • 29.1. 瞭解磁碟使用情形
      • 29.2. 磁碟空間不足錯誤
    • 30. 高可靠度及預寫日誌
      • 30.1. 可靠度
      • 30.2. Data Checksums
      • 30.3. Write-Ahead Logging(WAL)
      • 30.4. Asynchronous Commit
      • 30.5. WAL Configuration
      • 30.6. WAL Internals
    • 31. 邏輯複寫(Logical Replication)
      • 31.1. 發佈(Publication)
      • 31.2. 訂閱(Subscription)
      • 31.3. Row Filters
      • 31.4. Column Lists
      • 31.5. 衝突處理
      • 31.6. 限制
      • 31.7. 架構
      • 31.8. 監控
      • 31.9. 安全性
      • 31.10. 系統設定
      • 31.11. 快速設定
    • 32. Just-in-Time Compilation(JIT)
      • 32.1. What is JIT compilation?
      • 32.2. When to JIT?
      • 32.3. Configuration
      • 32.4. Extensibility
    • 33. 迴歸測試
      • 33.1. Running the Tests
      • 33.2. Test Evaluation
      • 33.3. Variant Comparison Files
      • 33.4. TAP Tests
      • 33.5. Test Coverage Examination
  • IV. 用戶端介面
    • 34. libpq - C Library
      • 33.1. 資料庫連線控制函數
      • 33.2. 連線狀態函數
      • 33.3. Command Execution Functions
      • 33.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
      • 33.5. Retrieving Query Results Row-By-Row
      • 33.6. Canceling Queries in Progress
      • 33.7. The Fast-Path Interface
      • 33.8. Asynchronous Notification
      • 33.9. Functions Associated with the COPY Command
      • 33.10. Control Functions
      • 33.11. Miscellaneous Functions
      • 33.12. Notice Processing
      • 33.13. Event System
      • 33.14. 環境變數
      • 34.16. 密碼檔
      • 33.16. The Connection Service File
      • 33.17. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
      • 33.18. SSL Support
      • 33.19. Behavior in Threaded Programs
      • 33.20. Building libpq Programs
      • 33.21. Example Programs
    • 35. Large Objects
      • 35.1. Introduction
      • 35.2. Implementation Features
      • 35.3. Client Interfaces
      • 35.4. Server-side Functions
      • 35.5. Example Program
    • 36. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C
      • 35.1. The Concept
      • 35.2. Managing Database Connections
      • 35.3. Running SQL Commands
      • 35.4. Using Host Variables
      • 35.5. Dynamic SQL
      • 35.6. pgtypes Library
      • 35.7. Using Descriptor Areas
      • 35.8. Error Handling
      • 35.9. Preprocessor Directives
      • 35.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
      • 35.11. Library Functions
      • 35.12. Large Objects
      • 35.13. C++ Applications
      • 35.14. Embedded SQL Commands
      • 35.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
      • 35.16. Internals
    • 37. The Information Schema
      • 37.1. The Schema
      • 37.2. Data Types
      • 37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
      • 37.4. administrable_role_authorizations
      • 37.5. applicable_roles
      • 37.7. attributes
      • 37.7. character_sets
      • 37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
      • 37.9. check_constraints
      • 37.10. collations
      • 37.11. collation_character_set_applicability
      • 37.12. column_column_usage
      • 37.13. column_domain_usage
      • 37.14. column_options
      • 37.15. column_privileges
      • 37.16. column_udt_usage
      • 37.17. columns
      • 37.18. constraint_column_usage
      • 37.19. constraint_table_usage
      • 37.20. data_type_privileges
      • 37.21. domain_constraints
      • 37.21. domain_udt_usage
      • 37.22. domains
      • 37.23. element_types
      • 37.24. enabled_roles
      • 37.25. foreign_data_wrapper_options
      • 37.26. foreign_data_wrappers
      • 37.27. foreign_server_options
      • 37.28. foreign_servers
      • 37.29. foreign_table_options
      • 37.30. foreign_tables
      • 36.32. key_column_usage
      • 37.33. parameters
      • 36.34. referential_constraints
      • 37.34. role_column_grants
      • 37.35. role_routine_grants
      • 37.37. role_table_grants
      • 37.38. role_udt_grants
      • 37.39. role_usage_grants
      • 37.40. routine_column_usage
      • 37.41. routine_privileges
      • 37.45. routines
      • 37.46. schemata
      • 37.47. sequences
      • 37.48. sql_features
      • 37.49. sql_implementation_info
      • 37.50. sql_parts
      • 37.51. sql_sizing
      • 36.51. table_constraints
      • 36.49. table_privileges
      • 37.52. tables
      • 37.53. transforms
      • 37.54. triggered_update_columns
      • 37.55. triggers
      • 37.56. udt_privileges
      • 37.57. usage_privileges
      • 37.58. user_defined_types
      • 37.59. user_mapping_options
      • 37.60. user_mappings
      • 37.63. view_column_usage
      • 37.64. view_routine_usage
      • 37.65. view_table_usage
      • 37.66. views
  • V. 資料庫程式設計
    • 38. SQL 延伸功能
      • 38.1. How Extensibility Works
      • 38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System
      • 38.3. 使用者自訂函數
      • 38.4. User-defined Procedures
      • 38.5. Query Language (SQL) Functions
      • 38.6. Function Overloading
      • 38.7. 函數易變性類別
      • 38.8. Procedural Language Functions
      • 38.9. Internal Functions
      • 38.10. C-Language Functions
      • 38.11. Function Optimization Information
      • 38.12. User-defined Aggregates
      • 38.13. User-defined Types
      • 38.14. User-defined Operators
      • 38.15. Operator Optimization Information
      • 38.16. Interfacing Extensions To Indexes
      • 38.17. 封裝相關物件到延伸功能中
      • 38.18. Extension Building Infrastructure
    • 39. Triggers
      • 39.1. Overview of Trigger Behavior
      • 39.2. Visibility of Data Changes
      • 39.3. Writing Trigger Functions in C
      • 39.4. A Complete Trigger Example
    • 40. Event Triggers (事件觸發)
      • 40.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior
      • 40.2. Event Trigger Firing Matrix
      • 40.3. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C
      • 40.4. A Complete Event Trigger Example
    • 41. 規則系統
      • 41.1. The Query Tree
      • 41.2. Views and the Rule System
      • 41.3. Materialized Views
      • 41.4. Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
      • 41.5. 規則及權限
      • 41.6. Rules and Command Status
      • 41.7. Rules Versus Triggers
    • 42. Procedural Languages(程序語言)
      • 42.1. Installing Procedural Languages
    • 43. PL/pgSQL - SQL Procedural Language
      • 43.1. Overview
      • 43.2. Structure of PL/pgSQL
      • 43.3. Declarations
      • 43.4. Expressions
      • 43.5. 基本語法
      • 43.6. Control Structures
      • 43.7. Cursors
      • 43.8. Transaction Management
      • 43.9. Errors and Messages
      • 43.10. Trigger Functions
      • 43.11. PL/pgSQL under the Hood
      • 43.12. Tips for Developing in PL/pgSQL
      • 43.13. Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
    • 44. PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language
    • 45. PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language
    • 46. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language
      • 46.1. PL/Python Functions
      • 46.2. Data Values
      • 46.3. Sharing Data
      • 46.4. Anonymous Code Blocks
      • 46.5. Trigger Functions
      • 46.6. Database Access
      • 46.7. Explicit Subtransactions
      • 46.8. Transaction Management
      • 46.9. Utility Functions
      • 46.10. Python 2 vs. Python 3
      • 46.11. Environment Variables
    • 47. Server Programming Interface
    • 48. Background Worker Processes
    • 49. Logical Decoding
      • 48.1. Logical Decoding Examples
      • 48.2. Logical Decoding Concepts
      • 48.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface
      • 48.4. Logical Decoding SQL Interface
      • 48.5. System Catalogs Related to Logical Decoding
      • 48.6. Logical Decoding Output Plugins
      • 48.7. Logical Decoding Output Writers
      • 48.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding
    • 50. Replication Progress Tracking
    • 51. Archive Modules
      • 51.1. Initialization Functions
      • 51.2. Archive Module Callbacks
  • VI. 參考資訊
    • I. SQL 指令
      • ALTER DATABASE
      • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
      • ALTER EXTENSION
      • ALTER FUNCTION
      • ALTER INDEX
      • ALTER LANGUAGE
      • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
      • ALTER POLICY
      • ALTER PUBLICATION
      • ALTER ROLE
      • ALTER RULE
      • ALTER SCHEMA
      • ALTER SEQUENCE
      • ALTER STATISTICS
      • ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
      • ALTER SYSTEM
      • ALTER TABLE
      • ALTER TABLESPACE
      • ALTER TRIGGER
      • ALTER TYPE
      • ALTER USER
      • ALTER VIEW
      • ANALYZE
      • CLUSTER
      • COMMENT
      • COMMIT PREPARED
      • COPY
      • CREATE ACCESS METHOD
      • CREATE CAST
      • CREATE DATABASE
      • CREATE EVENT TRIGGER
      • CREATE EXTENSION
      • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
      • CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
      • CREATE FUNCTION
      • CREATE INDEX
      • CREATE LANGUAGE
      • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
      • CREATE DOMAIN
      • CREATE POLICY
      • CREATE PROCEDURE
      • CREATE PUBLICATION
      • CREATE ROLE
      • CREATE RULE
      • CREATE SCHEMA
      • CREATE SEQUENCE
      • CREATE SERVER
      • CREATE STATISTICS
      • CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
      • CREATE TABLE
      • CREATE TABLE AS
      • CREATE TABLESPACE
      • CREATE TRANSFORM
      • CREATE TRIGGER
      • CREATE TYPE
      • CREATE USER
      • CREATE USER MAPPING
      • CREATE VIEW
      • DEALLOCATE
      • DELETE
      • DO
      • DROP ACCESS METHOD
      • DROP DATABASE
      • DROP EXTENSION
      • DROP FUNCTION
      • DROP INDEX
      • DROP LANGUAGE
      • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
      • DROP OWNED
      • DROP POLICY
      • DROP PUBLICATION
      • DROP ROLE
      • DROP RULE
      • DROP SCHEMA
      • DROP SEQUENCE
      • DROP STATISTICS
      • DROP SUBSCRIPTION
      • DROP TABLE
      • DROP TABLESPACE
      • DROP TRANSFORM
      • DROP TRIGGER
      • DROP TYPE
      • DROP USER
      • DROP VIEW
      • EXECUTE
      • EXPLAIN
      • GRANT
      • IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
      • INSERT
      • LISTEN
      • LOAD
      • MERGE
      • NOTIFY
      • PREPARE
      • PREPARE TRANSACTION
      • REASSIGN OWNED
      • REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
      • REINDEX
      • RESET
      • REVOKE
      • ROLLBACK PREPARED
      • SECURITY LABEL
      • SELECT
      • SELECT INTO
      • SET
      • SET CONSTRAINTS
      • SET ROLE
      • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
      • SET TRANSACTION
      • SHOW
      • TRUNCATE
      • UNLISTEN
      • UPDATE
      • VACUUM
      • VALUES
    • II. PostgreSQL 用戶端工具
      • createdb
      • createuser
      • dropdb
      • dropuser
      • oid2name
      • pgbench
      • pg_basebackup
      • pg_dump
      • pg_dumpall
      • pg_isready
      • pg_receivewal
      • pg_recvlogical
      • pg_restore
      • pg_verifybackup
      • psql
      • vacuumdb
    • III. PostgreSQL 伺服器應用程式
      • initdb
      • pg_archivecleanup
      • pg_ctl
      • pg_standby
      • pg_test_fsync
      • pg_test_timing
      • pg_upgrade
      • postgres
  • VII. 資料庫進階
    • 52. PostgreSQL 的內部架構
      • 52.1. 處理查詢語句的流程
      • 52.2. How Connections Are Established
      • 52.3. The Parser Stage
      • 52.4. The PostgreSQL Rule System
      • 52.5. Planner/Optimizer
      • 52.6. Executor
    • 53. 系統資訊目錄
      • 51.3. pg_am
      • 51.7. pg_attribute
      • 51.8. pg_authid
      • 51.9. pg_auth_members
      • 51.10. pg_cast
      • 51.11 pg_class
      • 51.12. pg_collation
      • 51.13. pg_constraint
      • 51.15 pg_database
      • 51.21. pg_event_trigger
      • 51.22. pg_extension
      • 51.26 pg_index
      • 51.29. pg_language
      • 51.32. pg_namespace
      • 51.33. pg_opclass
      • 51.38. pg_policy
      • 51.39. pg_proc
      • 51.44. pg_rewrite
      • 51.49. pg_statistic
      • 51.50. pg_statistic_ext
      • 51.52. pg_subscription
      • 51.53. pg_subscription_rel
      • 51.54. pg_tablespace
      • 51.56. pg_trigger
      • 51.62. pg_type
      • 51.66. pg_available_extensions
      • 51.67. pg_available_extension_versions
      • 51.71. pg_hba_file_rules
      • 51.72. pg_indexes
      • 51.73. pg_locks
      • 51.77. pg_prepared_xacts
      • 51.79. pg_replication_origin_status
    • 54. System Views
      • 54.1. Overview
      • 54.19. pg_replication_slots
      • 54.20 pg_roles
      • 54.24. pg_settings
      • 54.25. pg_shadow
      • 54.26. pg_shmem_allocations
      • 54.27. pg_stats
      • 54.30. pg_tables
      • 54.31. pg_timezone_abbrevs
      • 54.32. pg_timezone_names
      • 54.33. pg_user
      • 54.35. pg_views
    • 55. Frontend/Backend Protocol
      • 52.1. Overview
      • 52.2. Message Flow
      • 52.3. SASL Authentication
      • 52.4. Streaming Replication Protocol
      • 52.5. Logical Streaming Replication Protocol
      • 52.6. Message Data Types
      • 52.7. Message Formats
      • 52.8. Error and Notice Message Fields
      • 52.9. Logical Replication Message Formats
      • 52.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0
    • 56. PostgreSQL 程式撰寫慣例
      • 53.1. Formatting
      • 53.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
      • 53.3. Error Message Style Guide
      • 53.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions
    • 57. Native Language Support
      • 54.1. For the Translator
      • 54.2. For the Programmer
    • 58. 撰寫程序語言的處理程序
    • 59. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
      • 56.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions
      • 56.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines
      • 56.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions
      • 56.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning
      • 56.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers
    • 60. Writing a Table Sampling Method
    • 61. Writing a Custom Scan Provider
    • 62. Genetic Query Optimizer
      • 59.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
      • 59.2. Genetic Algorithms
      • 59.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
      • 59.4. Further Reading
    • 63. Table Access Method Interface Definition
    • 64. Index Access Method Interface Definition
    • 65. Generic WAL Records
    • 66. Custom WAL Resource Managers
    • 67. B-Tree Indexes
      • 67.1. Introduction
      • 67.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes
      • 67.3. B-Tree Support Functions
      • 67.4. Implementation
    • 68. GiST Indexes
      • 64.1. Introduction
      • 64.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      • 64.3. Extensibility
      • 64.4. Implementation
      • 64.5. Examples
    • 69. SP-GiST Indexes
      • 65.1. Introduction
      • 65.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      • 65.3. Extensibility
      • 65.4. Implementation
      • 65.5. Examples
    • 70. GIN 索引
      • 70.1. 簡介
      • 70.2. 內建運算子類
      • 70.3. 延伸介面
      • 70.4. 實作說明
      • 70.5. GIN 小技巧
      • 70.6. 限制
      • 70.7. 範例
    • 71. BRIN Indexes
      • 67.1. Introduction
      • 67.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      • 67.3. Extensibility
    • 72. Hash Indexes
    • 73. 資料庫實體儲存格式
      • 73.1. Database File Layout
      • 73.3. TOAST
      • 68.3. Free Space Map
      • 68.4 可視性映射表(Visibility Map)
      • 68.5. The Initialization Fork
      • 68.6. Database Page Layout
    • 74. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
    • 75. 查詢計畫如何使用統計資訊
      • 70.1. Row Estimation Examples
      • 70.2. 多元統計資訊範例
      • 70.3. Planner Statistics and Security
    • 76. Backup Manifest Format
  • VIII. 附錄
    • A. PostgreSQL 錯誤代碼
    • B. 日期時間格式支援
      • B.1. 日期時間解譯流程
      • B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps
      • B.3. 日期時間慣用字
      • B.4. 日期時間設定檔
      • B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications
      • B.6. 日期時間的沿革
      • B.7. Julian Dates
    • C. SQL 關鍵字
    • D. SQL 相容性
      • D.1. Supported Features
      • D.2. Unsupported Features
      • D.3. XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML
    • E. 版本資訊
      • E.1. Release 15.2
      • E.2. Release 15.1
      • E.3. Release 15
      • E.4. Prior Releases
    • F. 延伸支援模組
      • F.1. adminpack
      • F.2. amcheck
      • F.3. auth_delay
      • F.4. auto_explain
      • F.5. bloom
      • F.6. btree_gin
      • F.10. dblink
        • dblink_connect
        • dblink_connect_u
        • dblink_disconnect
        • dblink
        • dblink_exec
        • dblink_open
        • dblink_fetch
        • dblink_close
        • dblink_get_connections
        • dblink_error_message
        • dblink_send_query
        • dblink_is_busy
        • dblink_get_notify
        • dblink_get_result
        • dblink_cancel_query
        • dblink_get_pkey
        • dblink_build_sql_insert
        • dblink_build_sql_delete
        • dblink_build_sql_update
      • F.13. earthdistance
      • F.14. file_fdw
      • F.16. hstore
      • F.24. pg_buffercache
      • F.26. passwordcheck
      • F.29. pg_stat_statements
      • F.30. pgstattuple
      • F.31. pg_trgm
      • F.32. pg_visibility
      • F.38. postgres_fdw
      • F.35. sepgsql
      • F.43. tablefunc
      • F.45. test_decoding
      • F.46. tsm_system_rows
      • F.47. tsm_system_time
      • F.49. uuid-ossp
    • G. Additional Supplied Programs
      • G.1. Client Applications
        • oid2name
        • vacuumlo
      • G.2. Server Applications
        • pg_standby
    • H. 外部專案
      • H.1. 用戶端介面
      • H.2. Administration Tools
      • H.3. Procedural Languages
      • H.4. Extensions
    • I. The Source Code Repository
      • I.1. Getting The Source via Git
    • J. 文件取得
      • J.1. DocBook
      • J.2. Tool Sets
      • J.3. Building the Documentation
      • J.4. Documentation Authoring
      • J.5. Style Guide
    • K. PostgreSQL Limits
    • L. 縮寫字
    • M. Glossary
    • N. 色彩支援
      • N.1. When Color is Used
      • N.2. Configuring the Colors
    • O. Obsolete or Renamed Features
  • 參考書目
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  • E.2.1. Migration to Version 15.1
  • E.2.2. Changes

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  1. VIII. 附錄
  2. E. 版本資訊

E.2. Release 15.1

PreviousE.1. Release 15.2NextE.3. Release 15

Last updated 2 years ago

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Release date: 2022-11-10

This release contains a variety of fixes from 15.0. For information about new features in major release 15, see .

E.2.1. Migration to Version 15.1

A dump/restore is not required for those running 15.X.

However, if you regularly create and drop tables exceeding 1GB, see the first changelog entry below.

E.2.2. Changes

  • Fix failure to remove non-first segments of large tables (Tom Lane)

    PostgreSQL splits large tables into multiple files (normally with 1GB per file). The logic for dropping a table was broken and would miss removing all but the first such file, in two cases: drops of temporary tables and WAL replay of drops of regular tables. Applications that routinely create multi-gigabyte temporary tables could suffer significant disk space leakage.

    Orphaned temporary-table files are removed during postmaster start, so the mere act of updating to 15.1 is sufficient to clear any leaked temporary-table storage. However, if you suffered any database crashes while using 15.0, and there might have been large tables dropped just before such crashes, it's advisable to check the database directories for files named according to the pattern NNNN.NN. If there is no matching file named just NNNN (without the .NN suffix), these files should be removed manually.

  • Fix handling of DEFAULT tokens that appear in a multi-row VALUES clause of an INSERT on an updatable view (Tom Lane)

    This oversight could lead to “cache lookup failed for type” errors, or in older branches even to crashes.

  • Disallow rules named _RETURN that are not ON SELECT (Tom Lane)

    This avoids confusion between a view's ON SELECT rule and any other rules it may have.

  • Avoid failure in EXPLAIN VERBOSE for a query using SEARCH BREADTH FIRST with constant initial values (Tom Lane)

  • Prevent use of MERGE on a partitioned table with foreign-table partitions (Álvaro Herrera)

    The case isn't supported, and previously threw an incomprehensible error.

  • Fix construction of per-partition foreign key constraints while doing ALTER TABLE ATTACH PARTITION (Jehan-Guillaume de Rorthais, Álvaro Herrera)

    Previously, incorrect or duplicate constraints could be constructed for the newly-added partition.

  • Fix planner failure with extended statistics on partitioned or inherited tables (Richard Guo, Justin Pryzby)

    Some cases failed with “cache lookup failed for statistics object”.

  • Fix mis-ordering of WAL operations in fast insert path for GIN indexes (Matthias van de Meent, Zhang Mingli)

    This mistake is not known to have any negative consequences within core PostgreSQL, but it did cause issues for some extensions.

  • Fix bugs in logical decoding when replay starts from a point between the beginning of a transaction and the beginning of its subtransaction (Masahiko Sawada, Kuroda Hayato)

    These errors could lead to assertion failures in debug builds, and otherwise to memory leaks.

  • Accept interrupts in more places during logical decoding (Amit Kapila, Masahiko Sawada)

    This ameliorates problems with slow shutdown of replication workers.

  • Prevent attempts to replicate into a foreign-table partition in replication workers (Shi Yu, Tom Lane)

    Although partitioned tables can have foreign tables as partitions, replicating into such a partition isn't currently supported. The logical replication worker process would crash if it was attempted. Now, an error is thrown.

  • Avoid crash after function syntax error in replication workers (Maxim Orlov, Anton Melnikov, Masahiko Sawada, Tom Lane)

    If a syntax error occurred in a SQL-language or PL/pgSQL-language CREATE FUNCTION or DO command executed in a logical replication worker, the worker process would crash with a null pointer dereference or assertion failure.

  • Avoid double call of the shutdown callback of an archiver module (Nathan Bossart, Bharath Rupireddy)

  • Add plan-time check for attempted access to a table that has no table access method (Tom Lane)

    This prevents a crash in some catalog-corruption scenarios, for example use of a view whose ON SELECT rule is missing.

  • Prevent postmaster crash when shared-memory state is corrupted (Tom Lane)

    The postmaster process is supposed to survive and initiate a database restart if shared memory becomes corrupted, but one bit of code was being insufficiently cautious about that.

  • In libpq, handle single-row mode correctly when pipelining (Denis Laxalde)

    The single-row flag was not reset at the correct time if pipeline mode was also active.

  • Fix psql's exit status when a command-line query is canceled (Peter Eisentraut)

    psql -c query would exit successfully if the query was canceled. Fix it to exit with nonzero status, as in other error cases.

  • Allow cross-platform tablespace relocation in pg_basebackup (Robert Haas)

    Allow the remote path in --tablespace-mapping to be either a Unix-style or Windows-style absolute path, since the source server could be on a different OS than the local system.

  • Fix pg_dump's failure to dump comments attached to some CHECK constraints (Tom Lane)

  • Fix CREATE DATABASE to allow its oid parameter to exceed 231 (Tom Lane)

    This oversight prevented pg_upgrade from succeeding when the source installation contained databases with OIDs larger than that.

  • In pg_stat_statements, fix access to already-freed memory (zhaoqigui)

    This occurred if pg_stat_statements tracked a ROLLBACK command issued via extended query protocol. In debug builds it consistently led to an assertion failure. In production builds there would often be no visible ill effect; but if the freed memory had already been reused, the likely result would be to store garbage for the query string.

  • Fix incompatibilities with LLVM 15 (Thomas Munro, Andres Freund)

  • Allow use of __sync_lock_test_and_set() for spinlocks on any machine (Tom Lane)

    This eases porting to new machine architectures, at least if you're using a compiler that supports this GCC builtin function.

  • Rename symbol REF to REF_P to avoid compile failure on recent macOS (Tom Lane)

  • Avoid using sprintf, to avoid compile-time deprecation warnings (Tom Lane)

  • Update time zone data files to tzdata release 2022f for DST law changes in Chile, Fiji, Iran, Jordan, Mexico, Palestine, and Syria, plus historical corrections for Chile, Crimea, Iran, and Mexico.

    Also, the Europe/Kiev zone has been renamed to Europe/Kyiv. Also, the following zones have been merged into nearby, more-populous zones whose clocks have agreed with them since 1970: Antarctica/Vostok, Asia/Brunei, Asia/Kuala_Lumpur, Atlantic/Reykjavik, Europe/Amsterdam, Europe/Copenhagen, Europe/Luxembourg, Europe/Monaco, Europe/Oslo, Europe/Stockholm, Indian/Christmas, Indian/Cocos, Indian/Kerguelen, Indian/Mahe, Indian/Reunion, Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Funafuti, Pacific/Majuro, Pacific/Pohnpei, Pacific/Wake and Pacific/Wallis. (This indirectly affects zones that were already links to one of these: Arctic/Longyearbyen, Atlantic/Jan_Mayen, Iceland, Pacific/Ponape, Pacific/Truk, and Pacific/Yap.) America/Nipigon, America/Rainy_River, America/Thunder_Bay, Europe/Uzhgorod, and Europe/Zaporozhye were also merged into nearby zones after discovering that their claimed post-1970 differences from those zones seem to have been errors. In all these cases, the previous zone name remains as an alias; but the actual data is that of the zone that was merged into.

    These zone mergers result in loss of pre-1970 timezone history for the merged zones, which may be troublesome for applications expecting consistency of timestamptz display. As an example, the stored value 1944-06-01 12:00 UTC would previously display as 1944-06-01 13:00:00+01 if the Europe/Stockholm zone is selected, but now it will read out as 1944-06-01 14:00:00+02.

    It is possible to build the time zone data files with options that will restore the older zone data, but that choice also inserts a lot of other old (and typically poorly-attested) zone data, resulting in more total changes from the previous release than accepting these upstream changes does. PostgreSQL has chosen to ship the tzdb data as-recommended, and so far as we are aware most major operating system distributions are doing likewise. However, if these changes cause significant problems for your application, a possible solution is to install a local build of the time zone data files using tzdb's backwards-compatibility options (see their PACKRATDATA and PACKRATLIST options).

Section E.3