# C. SQL 關鍵字 [Table C.1](#table-c.1.-sql-key-words) 列出了在 SQL 標準和 PostgreSQL 15.2 中作為關鍵字的所有標記。相關說明提供於[第 4.1.1 節](https://docs.postgresql.tw/15/the-sql-language/sql-syntax/lexical-structure#4.1.1.-shi-bie-xiang-identifier-he-guan-jian-zi-keyword)中。 （由於篇幅原因，僅收錄了 SQL 標準的最新兩個版本，以及用於歷史對比的 SQL-92，與其他中間標準版本差異較小。） SQL 區分保留(reserved)關鍵字和非保留(non-reserved)關鍵字。 根據標準，只有保留關鍵字才是真正的關鍵字； 他們永遠不允許作為標識字串。 非保留關鍵字則只在特定的用法中有特殊的含義，而在其他用法中可以作為標識字串使用。 大多數非保留關鍵字實際上是 SQL 指定的內建資料表和函數的名稱。非保留關鍵字的概念本質上只是為了聲明在某些用法中增加了一些預先定義的含義。 在 PostgreSQL 解析器中，情況有點複雜。 有幾種不同類別的標記，從永遠不能用作標識字串的標記，到在解析器中絕對沒有特殊地位，但被視為普通標識字串的標記都有。 （後者通常是 SQL 指定的函數。）即使保留關鍵字在 PostgreSQL 中也沒有完全保留，而是可以用作欄位標籤（例如 SELECT 55 AS CHECK 是可以的，儘管 CHECK 是保留關鍵字） . 在 [Table C.1](#table-c.1.-sql-key-words) 的 PostgreSQL 欄位中，我們將解析器明確知道但允許作為欄位名稱或資料表名稱的那些關鍵字分類為“non-reserved”。 一些非保留的關鍵字不能用作函數或資料型別名稱，並相應地進行標記。 （這些詞大多表示具有特殊語法的內建函數或資料型別。函數或型別仍然可用，但使用者不能重新定義。）標記為“reserved”的是那些不允許作為欄位或資料表名稱的標記。 允許一些保留關鍵字作為函數或資料型別的名稱； 這也顯示在表格中。 如果沒有這樣標記，保留關鍵字僅允許作為欄位標籤。 此欄中的空白項目表示該關鍵字被 PostgreSQL 視為普通標識字串。 此外，雖然大多數關鍵字可以直接用作欄位標籤而毋須在它們之前使用 AS（如[第 7.3.2 節](https://docs.postgresql.tw/15/the-sql-language/queries/select-lists#7.3.2.-lan-wei-ming-ming-biao-qian)所述），但有一些關鍵詞需要前導 AS 以避免歧義。 在下表中這些關鍵字會標記為“requires AS”。 一般來說，如果使用任何列出的關鍵字作為標識字的命令出現解析錯誤的時候，您應該嘗試將標識字以雙引號括住，再查看問題是否消失。 在研究 [Table C.1](#table-c.1.-sql-key-words) 之前，重要的是要了解，在 PostgreSQL 中沒有保留關鍵字並不意味著沒有實作與該關鍵字相關的功能。 同樣地，關鍵字的存在也不表示其功能的存在。 #### **Table C.1. SQL Key Words** | Key Word | PostgreSQL | SQL:2016 | SQL:2011 | SQL-92 | | -------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | | `A` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ABORT` | non-reserved | | | | | `ABS` | | reserved | reserved | | | `ABSENT` | | reserved | non-reserved | | | `ABSOLUTE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `ACCESS` | non-reserved | | | | | `ACCORDING` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ACOS` | | reserved | | | | `ACTION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `ADA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `ADD` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `ADMIN` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `AFTER` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `AGGREGATE` | non-reserved | | | | | `ALL` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ALLOCATE` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ALSO` | non-reserved | | | | | `ALTER` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ALWAYS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ANALYSE` | reserved | | | | | `ANALYZE` | reserved | | | | | `AND` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ANY` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ARE` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ARRAY` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | | | `ARRAY_AGG` | | reserved | reserved | | | `ARRAY_​MAX_​CARDINALITY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `AS` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ASC` | reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `ASENSITIVE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `ASIN` | | reserved | | | | `ASSERTION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `ASSIGNMENT` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ASYMMETRIC` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `AT` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ATAN` | | reserved | | | | `ATOMIC` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `ATTACH` | non-reserved | | | | | `ATTRIBUTE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ATTRIBUTES` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `AUTHORIZATION` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `AVG` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `BACKWARD` | non-reserved | | | | | `BASE64` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `BEFORE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `BEGIN` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `BEGIN_FRAME` | | reserved | reserved | | | `BEGIN_PARTITION` | | reserved | reserved | | | `BERNOULLI` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `BETWEEN` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `BIGINT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `BINARY` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `BIT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | | | reserved | | `BIT_LENGTH` | | | | reserved | | `BLOB` | | reserved | reserved | | | `BLOCKED` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `BOM` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `BOOLEAN` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `BOTH` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `BREADTH` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `BY` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `C` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CACHE` | non-reserved | | | | | `CALL` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `CALLED` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `CARDINALITY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CASCADE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `CASCADED` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CASE` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CAST` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CATALOG` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `CATALOG_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CEIL` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CEILING` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CHAIN` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `CHAINING` | | non-reserved | | | | `CHAR` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type), requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CHARACTER` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type), requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CHARACTERISTICS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `CHARACTERS` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `CHARACTER_LENGTH` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CHARACTER_​SET_​CATALOG` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CHARACTER_SET_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CHAR_LENGTH` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CHECK` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CHECKPOINT` | non-reserved | | | | | `CLASS` | non-reserved | | | | | `CLASSIFIER` | | reserved | | | | `CLASS_ORIGIN` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CLOB` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CLOSE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CLUSTER` | non-reserved | | | | | `COALESCE` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `COBOL` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `COLLATE` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `COLLATION` | reserved (can be function or type) | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `COLLATION_CATALOG` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `COLLATION_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `COLLATION_SCHEMA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `COLLECT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `COLUMN` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `COLUMNS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `COLUMN_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `COMMAND_FUNCTION` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `COMMAND_​FUNCTION_​CODE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `COMMENT` | non-reserved | | | | | `COMMENTS` | non-reserved | | | | | `COMMIT` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `COMMITTED` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `COMPRESSION` | non-reserved | | | | | `CONCURRENTLY` | reserved (can be function or type) | | | | | `CONDITION` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CONDITIONAL` | | non-reserved | | | | `CONDITION_NUMBER` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CONFIGURATION` | non-reserved | | | | | `CONFLICT` | non-reserved | | | | | `CONNECT` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CONNECTION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `CONNECTION_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CONSTRAINT` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CONSTRAINTS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `CONSTRAINT_CATALOG` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CONSTRAINT_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CONSTRUCTOR` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `CONTAINS` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CONTENT` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `CONTINUE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `CONTROL` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `CONVERSION` | non-reserved | | | | | `CONVERT` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `COPY` | non-reserved | reserved | | | | `CORR` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CORRESPONDING` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `COS` | | reserved | | | | `COSH` | | reserved | | | | `COST` | non-reserved | | | | | `COUNT` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `COVAR_POP` | | reserved | reserved | | | `COVAR_SAMP` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CREATE` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CROSS` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CSV` | non-reserved | | | | | `CUBE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `CUME_DIST` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CURRENT` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CURRENT_CATALOG` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `CURRENT_DATE` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CURRENT_​DEFAULT_​TRANSFORM_​GROUP` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CURRENT_PATH` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CURRENT_ROLE` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `CURRENT_ROW` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CURRENT_SCHEMA` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `CURRENT_TIME` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CURRENT_​TRANSFORM_​GROUP_​FOR_​TYPE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `CURRENT_USER` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CURSOR` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `CURSOR_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `CYCLE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `DATA` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `DATABASE` | non-reserved | | | | | `DATALINK` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DATE` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DATETIME_​INTERVAL_​CODE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `DATETIME_​INTERVAL_​PRECISION` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `DAY` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DB` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `DEALLOCATE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DEC` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DECFLOAT` | | reserved | | | | `DECIMAL` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DECLARE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DEFAULT` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DEFAULTS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `DEFERRABLE` | reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `DEFERRED` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `DEFINE` | | reserved | | | | `DEFINED` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `DEFINER` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `DEGREE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `DELETE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DELIMITER` | non-reserved | | | | | `DELIMITERS` | non-reserved | | | | | `DENSE_RANK` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DEPENDS` | non-reserved | | | | | `DEPTH` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `DEREF` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DERIVED` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `DESC` | reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `DESCRIBE` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DESCRIPTOR` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `DETACH` | non-reserved | | | | | `DETERMINISTIC` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DIAGNOSTICS` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `DICTIONARY` | non-reserved | | | | | `DISABLE` | non-reserved | | | | | `DISCARD` | non-reserved | | | | | `DISCONNECT` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DISPATCH` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `DISTINCT` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DLNEWCOPY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLPREVIOUSCOPY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLURLCOMPLETE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLURLCOMPLETEONLY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLURLCOMPLETEWRITE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLURLPATH` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLURLPATHONLY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLURLPATHWRITE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLURLSCHEME` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLURLSERVER` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DLVALUE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DO` | reserved | | | | | `DOCUMENT` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `DOMAIN` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `DOUBLE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DROP` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `DYNAMIC` | | reserved | reserved | | | `DYNAMIC_FUNCTION` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `DYNAMIC_​FUNCTION_​CODE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `EACH` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `ELEMENT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `ELSE` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `EMPTY` | | reserved | non-reserved | | | `ENABLE` | non-reserved | | | | | `ENCODING` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ENCRYPTED` | non-reserved | | | | | `END` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `END-EXEC` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `END_FRAME` | | reserved | reserved | | | `END_PARTITION` | | reserved | reserved | | | `ENFORCED` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ENUM` | non-reserved | | | | | `EQUALS` | | reserved | reserved | | | `ERROR` | | non-reserved | | | | `ESCAPE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `EVENT` | non-reserved | | | | | `EVERY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `EXCEPT` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `EXCEPTION` | | | | reserved | | `EXCLUDE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `EXCLUDING` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `EXCLUSIVE` | non-reserved | | | | | `EXEC` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `EXECUTE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `EXISTS` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `EXP` | | reserved | reserved | | | `EXPLAIN` | non-reserved | | | | | `EXPRESSION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `EXTENSION` | non-reserved | | | | | `EXTERNAL` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `EXTRACT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `FALSE` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `FAMILY` | non-reserved | | | | | `FETCH` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `FILE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `FILTER` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | | | `FINAL` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `FINALIZE` | non-reserved | | | | | `FINISH` | | non-reserved | | | | `FIRST` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `FIRST_VALUE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `FLAG` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `FLOAT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `FLOOR` | | reserved | reserved | | | `FOLLOWING` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `FOR` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `FORCE` | non-reserved | | | | | `FOREIGN` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `FORMAT` | | non-reserved | | | | `FORTRAN` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `FORWARD` | non-reserved | | | | | `FOUND` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `FRAME_ROW` | | reserved | reserved | | | `FREE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `FREEZE` | reserved (can be function or type) | | | | | `FROM` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `FS` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `FULFILL` | | non-reserved | | | | `FULL` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `FUNCTION` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `FUNCTIONS` | non-reserved | | | | | `FUSION` | | reserved | reserved | | | `G` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `GENERAL` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `GENERATED` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `GET` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `GLOBAL` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `GO` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `GOTO` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `GRANT` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `GRANTED` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `GREATEST` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | | | | | `GROUP` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `GROUPING` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `GROUPS` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `HANDLER` | non-reserved | | | | | `HAVING` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `HEADER` | non-reserved | | | | | `HEX` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `HIERARCHY` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `HOLD` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `HOUR` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ID` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `IDENTITY` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `IF` | non-reserved | | | | | `IGNORE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ILIKE` | reserved (can be function or type) | | | | | `IMMEDIATE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `IMMEDIATELY` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `IMMUTABLE` | non-reserved | | | | | `IMPLEMENTATION` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `IMPLICIT` | non-reserved | | | | | `IMPORT` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `IN` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INCLUDE` | non-reserved | | | | | `INCLUDING` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `INCREMENT` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `INDENT` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `INDEX` | non-reserved | | | | | `INDEXES` | non-reserved | | | | | `INDICATOR` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INHERIT` | non-reserved | | | | | `INHERITS` | non-reserved | | | | | `INITIAL` | | reserved | | | | `INITIALLY` | reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `INLINE` | non-reserved | | | | | `INNER` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INOUT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `INPUT` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `INSENSITIVE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INSERT` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INSTANCE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `INSTANTIABLE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `INSTEAD` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `INT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INTEGER` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INTEGRITY` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `INTERSECT` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INTERSECTION` | | reserved | reserved | | | `INTERVAL` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INTO` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `INVOKER` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `IS` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ISNULL` | reserved (can be function or type), requires `AS` | | | | | `ISOLATION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `JOIN` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `JSON_ARRAY` | | reserved | | | | `JSON_ARRAYAGG` | | reserved | | | | `JSON_EXISTS` | | reserved | | | | `JSON_OBJECT` | | reserved | | | | `JSON_OBJECTAGG` | | reserved | | | | `JSON_QUERY` | | reserved | | | | `JSON_TABLE` | | reserved | | | | `JSON_TABLE_PRIMITIVE` | | reserved | | | | `JSON_VALUE` | | reserved | | | | `K` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `KEEP` | | non-reserved | | | | `KEY` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `KEYS` | | non-reserved | | | | `KEY_MEMBER` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `KEY_TYPE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `LABEL` | non-reserved | | | | | `LAG` | | reserved | reserved | | | `LANGUAGE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `LARGE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `LAST` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `LAST_VALUE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `LATERAL` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `LEAD` | | reserved | reserved | | | `LEADING` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `LEAKPROOF` | non-reserved | | | | | `LEAST` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | | | | | `LEFT` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `LENGTH` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `LEVEL` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `LIBRARY` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `LIKE` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `LIKE_REGEX` | | reserved | reserved | | | `LIMIT` | reserved, requires `AS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `LINK` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `LISTAGG` | | reserved | | | | `LISTEN` | non-reserved | | | | | `LN` | | reserved | reserved | | | `LOAD` | non-reserved | | | | | `LOCAL` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `LOCALTIME` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `LOCALTIMESTAMP` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `LOCATION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `LOCATOR` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `LOCK` | non-reserved | | | | | `LOCKED` | non-reserved | | | | | `LOG` | | reserved | | | | `LOG10` | | reserved | | | | `LOGGED` | non-reserved | | | | | `LOWER` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `M` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `MAP` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `MAPPING` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `MATCH` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `MATCHED` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `MATCHES` | | reserved | | | | `MATCH_NUMBER` | | reserved | | | | `MATCH_RECOGNIZE` | | reserved | | | | `MATERIALIZED` | non-reserved | | | | | `MAX` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `MAXVALUE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `MEASURES` | | reserved | | | | `MEMBER` | | reserved | reserved | | | `MERGE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `MESSAGE_LENGTH` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `MESSAGE_TEXT` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `METHOD` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `MIN` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `MINUTE` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `MINVALUE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `MOD` | | reserved | reserved | | | `MODE` | non-reserved | | | | | `MODIFIES` | | reserved | reserved | | | `MODULE` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `MONTH` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `MORE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `MOVE` | non-reserved | | | | | `MULTISET` | | reserved | reserved | | | `MUMPS` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `NAME` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `NAMES` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `NAMESPACE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `NATIONAL` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `NATURAL` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `NCHAR` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `NCLOB` | | reserved | reserved | | | `NESTED` | | non-reserved | | | | `NESTING` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `NEW` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `NEXT` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `NFC` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `NFD` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `NFKC` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `NFKD` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `NIL` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `NO` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `NONE` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `NORMALIZE` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `NORMALIZED` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `NOT` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `NOTHING` | non-reserved | | | | | `NOTIFY` | non-reserved | | | | | `NOTNULL` | reserved (can be function or type), requires `AS` | | | | | `NOWAIT` | non-reserved | | | | | `NTH_VALUE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `NTILE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `NULL` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `NULLABLE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `NULLIF` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `NULLS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `NULL_ORDERING` | | non-reserved | | | | `NUMBER` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `NUMERIC` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `OBJECT` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `OCCURRENCE` | | non-reserved | | | | `OCCURRENCES_REGEX` | | reserved | reserved | | | `OCTETS` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `OCTET_LENGTH` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `OF` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `OFF` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `OFFSET` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | | | `OIDS` | non-reserved | | | | | `OLD` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `OMIT` | | reserved | | | | `ON` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ONE` | | reserved | | | | `ONLY` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `OPEN` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `OPERATOR` | non-reserved | | | | | `OPTION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `OPTIONS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `OR` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ORDER` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ORDERING` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ORDINALITY` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `OTHERS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `OUT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `OUTER` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `OUTPUT` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `OVER` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | | | `OVERFLOW` | | non-reserved | | | | `OVERLAPS` | reserved (can be function or type), requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `OVERLAY` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `OVERRIDING` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `OWNED` | non-reserved | | | | | `OWNER` | non-reserved | | | | | `P` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PAD` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `PARALLEL` | non-reserved | | | | | `PARAMETER` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `PARAMETER_MODE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PARAMETER_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PARAMETER_​ORDINAL_​POSITION` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PARAMETER_​SPECIFIC_​CATALOG` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PARAMETER_​SPECIFIC_​NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PARAMETER_​SPECIFIC_​SCHEMA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PARSER` | non-reserved | | | | | `PARTIAL` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `PARTITION` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `PASCAL` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `PASS` | | non-reserved | | | | `PASSING` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PASSTHROUGH` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PASSWORD` | non-reserved | | | | | `PAST` | | non-reserved | | | | `PATH` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PATTERN` | | reserved | | | | `PER` | | reserved | | | | `PERCENT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `PERCENTILE_CONT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `PERCENTILE_DISC` | | reserved | reserved | | | `PERCENT_RANK` | | reserved | reserved | | | `PERIOD` | | reserved | reserved | | | `PERMISSION` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PERMUTE` | | reserved | | | | `PIPE` | | non-reserved | | | | `PLACING` | reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PLAN` | | non-reserved | | | | `PLANS` | non-reserved | | | | | `PLI` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `POLICY` | non-reserved | | | | | `PORTION` | | reserved | reserved | | | `POSITION` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `POSITION_REGEX` | | reserved | reserved | | | `POWER` | | reserved | reserved | | | `PRECEDES` | | reserved | reserved | | | `PRECEDING` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `PRECISION` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type), requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `PREPARE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `PREPARED` | non-reserved | | | | | `PRESERVE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `PREV` | | non-reserved | | | | `PRIMARY` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `PRIOR` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `PRIVATE` | | non-reserved | | | | `PRIVILEGES` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `PROCEDURAL` | non-reserved | | | | | `PROCEDURE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `PROCEDURES` | non-reserved | | | | | `PROGRAM` | non-reserved | | | | | `PRUNE` | | non-reserved | | | | `PTF` | | reserved | | | | `PUBLIC` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `PUBLICATION` | non-reserved | | | | | `QUOTE` | non-reserved | | | | | `QUOTES` | | non-reserved | | | | `RANGE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `RANK` | | reserved | reserved | | | `READ` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `READS` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REAL` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `REASSIGN` | non-reserved | | | | | `RECHECK` | non-reserved | | | | | `RECOVERY` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `RECURSIVE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `REF` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `REFERENCES` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `REFERENCING` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `REFRESH` | non-reserved | | | | | `REGR_AVGX` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REGR_AVGY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REGR_COUNT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REGR_INTERCEPT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REGR_R2` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REGR_SLOPE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REGR_SXX` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REGR_SXY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REGR_SYY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `REINDEX` | non-reserved | | | | | `RELATIVE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `RELEASE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `RENAME` | non-reserved | | | | | `REPEATABLE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `REPLACE` | non-reserved | | | | | `REPLICA` | non-reserved | | | | | `REQUIRING` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `RESET` | non-reserved | | | | | `RESPECT` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `RESTART` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `RESTORE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `RESTRICT` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `RESULT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `RETURN` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `RETURNED_CARDINALITY` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `RETURNED_LENGTH` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `RETURNED_​OCTET_​LENGTH` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `RETURNED_SQLSTATE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `RETURNING` | reserved, requires `AS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `RETURNS` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `REVOKE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `RIGHT` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ROLE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ROLLBACK` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ROLLUP` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `ROUTINE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ROUTINES` | non-reserved | | | | | `ROUTINE_CATALOG` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ROUTINE_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ROUTINE_SCHEMA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ROW` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `ROWS` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `ROW_COUNT` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `ROW_NUMBER` | | reserved | reserved | | | `RULE` | non-reserved | | | | | `RUNNING` | | reserved | | | | `SAVEPOINT` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `SCALAR` | | non-reserved | | | | `SCALE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `SCHEMA` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `SCHEMAS` | non-reserved | | | | | `SCHEMA_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `SCOPE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SCOPE_CATALOG` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SCOPE_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SCOPE_SCHEMA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SCROLL` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SEARCH` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `SECOND` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SECTION` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `SECURITY` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SEEK` | | reserved | | | | `SELECT` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SELECTIVE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SELF` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SEMANTICS` | | non-reserved | | | | `SENSITIVE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SEQUENCE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SEQUENCES` | non-reserved | | | | | `SERIALIZABLE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `SERVER` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SERVER_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `SESSION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `SESSION_USER` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SET` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SETOF` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | | | | | `SETS` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SHARE` | non-reserved | | | | | `SHOW` | non-reserved | reserved | | | | `SIMILAR` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `SIMPLE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SIN` | | reserved | | | | `SINH` | | reserved | | | | `SIZE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `SKIP` | non-reserved | reserved | | | | `SMALLINT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SNAPSHOT` | non-reserved | | | | | `SOME` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SORT_DIRECTION` | | non-reserved | | | | `SOURCE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SPACE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `SPECIFIC` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SPECIFICTYPE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SPECIFIC_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SQL` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SQLCODE` | | | | reserved | | `SQLERROR` | | | | reserved | | `SQLEXCEPTION` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SQLSTATE` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SQLWARNING` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SQRT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `STABLE` | non-reserved | | | | | `STANDALONE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `START` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `STATE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `STATEMENT` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `STATIC` | | reserved | reserved | | | `STATISTICS` | non-reserved | | | | | `STDDEV_POP` | | reserved | reserved | | | `STDDEV_SAMP` | | reserved | reserved | | | `STDIN` | non-reserved | | | | | `STDOUT` | non-reserved | | | | | `STORAGE` | non-reserved | | | | | `STORED` | non-reserved | | | | | `STRICT` | non-reserved | | | | | `STRING` | | non-reserved | | | | `STRIP` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `STRUCTURE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `STYLE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `SUBCLASS_ORIGIN` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `SUBMULTISET` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SUBSCRIPTION` | non-reserved | | | | | `SUBSET` | | reserved | | | | `SUBSTRING` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SUBSTRING_REGEX` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SUCCEEDS` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SUM` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `SUPPORT` | non-reserved | | | | | `SYMMETRIC` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `SYSID` | non-reserved | | | | | `SYSTEM` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `SYSTEM_TIME` | | reserved | reserved | | | `SYSTEM_USER` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `T` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TABLE` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TABLES` | non-reserved | | | | | `TABLESAMPLE` | reserved (can be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `TABLESPACE` | non-reserved | | | | | `TABLE_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `TAN` | | reserved | | | | `TANH` | | reserved | | | | `TEMP` | non-reserved | | | | | `TEMPLATE` | non-reserved | | | | | `TEMPORARY` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `TEXT` | non-reserved | | | | | `THEN` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `THROUGH` | | non-reserved | | | | `TIES` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TIME` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TIMESTAMP` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TIMEZONE_HOUR` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TIMEZONE_MINUTE` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TO` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TOKEN` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TOP_LEVEL_COUNT` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TRAILING` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TRANSACTION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `TRANSACTIONS_​COMMITTED` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TRANSACTIONS_​ROLLED_​BACK` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TRANSACTION_ACTIVE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TRANSFORM` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TRANSFORMS` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TRANSLATE` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TRANSLATE_REGEX` | | reserved | reserved | | | `TRANSLATION` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TREAT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `TRIGGER` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `TRIGGER_CATALOG` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TRIGGER_NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TRIGGER_SCHEMA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `TRIM` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TRIM_ARRAY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `TRUE` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `TRUNCATE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `TRUSTED` | non-reserved | | | | | `TYPE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `TYPES` | non-reserved | | | | | `UESCAPE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `UNBOUNDED` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `UNCOMMITTED` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `UNCONDITIONAL` | | non-reserved | | | | `UNDER` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `UNENCRYPTED` | non-reserved | | | | | `UNION` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `UNIQUE` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `UNKNOWN` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `UNLINK` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `UNLISTEN` | non-reserved | | | | | `UNLOGGED` | non-reserved | | | | | `UNMATCHED` | | reserved | | | | `UNNAMED` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | `UNNEST` | | reserved | reserved | | | `UNTIL` | non-reserved | | | | | `UNTYPED` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `UPDATE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `UPPER` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `URI` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `USAGE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `USER` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `USER_​DEFINED_​TYPE_​CATALOG` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `USER_​DEFINED_​TYPE_​CODE` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `USER_​DEFINED_​TYPE_​NAME` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `USER_​DEFINED_​TYPE_​SCHEMA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `USING` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `UTF16` | | non-reserved | | | | `UTF32` | | non-reserved | | | | `UTF8` | | non-reserved | | | | `VACUUM` | non-reserved | | | | | `VALID` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `VALIDATE` | non-reserved | | | | | `VALIDATOR` | non-reserved | | | | | `VALUE` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `VALUES` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `VALUE_OF` | | reserved | reserved | | | `VARBINARY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `VARCHAR` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `VARIADIC` | reserved | | | | | `VARYING` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `VAR_POP` | | reserved | reserved | | | `VAR_SAMP` | | reserved | reserved | | | `VERBOSE` | reserved (can be function or type) | | | | | `VERSION` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `VERSIONING` | | reserved | reserved | | | `VIEW` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `VIEWS` | non-reserved | | | | | `VOLATILE` | non-reserved | | | | | `WHEN` | reserved | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `WHENEVER` | | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `WHERE` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `WHITESPACE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `WIDTH_BUCKET` | | reserved | reserved | | | `WINDOW` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | | | `WITH` | reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `WITHIN` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | | | `WITHOUT` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | | | `WORK` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `WRAPPER` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `WRITE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | | `XML` | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLAGG` | | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLATTRIBUTES` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLBINARY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLCAST` | | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLCOMMENT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLCONCAT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLDECLARATION` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `XMLDOCUMENT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLELEMENT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLEXISTS` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLFOREST` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLITERATE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLNAMESPACES` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLPARSE` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLPI` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLQUERY` | | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLROOT` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | | | | | `XMLSCHEMA` | | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `XMLSERIALIZE` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLTABLE` | non-reserved (cannot be function or type) | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLTEXT` | | reserved | reserved | | | `XMLVALIDATE` | | reserved | reserved | | | `YEAR` | non-reserved, requires `AS` | reserved | reserved | reserved | | `YES` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | | | `ZONE` | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved |