9.4. 字串函式及運算子

本節介紹了用於檢查和操作字串的函數和運算子。在這種情況下，字串包括 character、character varying 和 text 型別的值。除非另有說明，否則下面列出的所有函數都可以在這些型別上使用，但是請注意在使用 character 型別時自動空格填充的潛在影響。其中有一些函數還支援對於位元型別的處理。

SQL 定義了一些使用關鍵字而不是逗號分隔參數的字串函數。詳情請見 Table 9.9。PostgreSQL 還提供了使用一般函數呼叫的語法，這些功能的函數版本（請參見 Table 9.10）。

在 PostgreSQL 8.3 之前的版本中，由於存在從這些資料型別到文字的隱式強制轉換，這些函數也將默默接受幾種非字串資料型別的值。這些強制轉換已被刪除，因為它們經常引起令人驚訝的結果。但是，字串連接運算子（||）仍然接受非字串輸入，只要至少一個輸入為字串型別即可，如 Table 9.9 所示。對於其他情況，如果您需要複製以前的行為，請在查詢語句中明確加入型別轉換。

Table 9.9. SQL String Functions and Operators

Function	Return Type	Description	Example	Result
string || string	text	String concatenation	'Post' || 'greSQL'	PostgreSQL
string || non-string or non-string || string	text	String concatenation with one non-string input	'Value: ' || 42	Value: 42
bit_length(string)	int	Number of bits in string	bit_length('jose')	32
char_length(string) or character_length(string)	int	Number of characters in string	char_length('jose')	4
lower(string)	text	Convert string to lower case	lower('TOM')	tom
octet_length(string)	int	Number of bytes in string	octet_length('jose')	4
overlay(string placing string from int [for int])	text	Replace substring	overlay('Txxxxas' placing 'hom' from 2 for 4)	Thomas
position(substring in string)	int	Location of specified substring	position('om' in 'Thomas')	3
substring(string [from int] [for int])	text	Extract substring	substring('Thomas' from 2 for 3)	hom
substring(string from pattern)	text	Extract substring matching POSIX regular expression. See Section 9.7 for more information on pattern matching.	substring('Thomas' from '...$')	mas
substring(string from pattern for escape)	text	Extract substring matching SQL regular expression. See Section 9.7 for more information on pattern matching.	substring('Thomas' from '%#"o_a#"_' for '#')	oma
trim([leading | trailing | both] [characters] from string)	text	Remove the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the start, end, or both ends (both is the default) of string	trim(both 'xyz' from 'yxTomxx')	Tom
trim([leading | trailing | both] [from] string [, characters] )	text	Non-standard syntax for trim()	trim(both from 'yxTomxx', 'xyz')	Tom
upper(string)	text	Convert string to upper case	upper('tom')	TOM

其他字串操作的可用函數，在 Table 9.10 中列出。其中一些用於內部實作的SQL標準字符串函數，則在 Table 9.9 中列出。

Table 9.10. Other String Functions

Function	Return Type	Description	Example	Result
ascii(string)	int	ASCII code of the first character of the argument. For UTF8 returns the Unicode code point of the character. For other multibyte encodings, the argument must be an ASCII character.	ascii('x')	120
btrim(string text [, characters text])	text	Remove the longest string consisting only of characters in characters (a space by default) from the start and end of string	btrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xyz')	trim
chr(int)	text	Character with the given code. For UTF8 the argument is treated as a Unicode code point. For other multibyte encodings the argument must designate an ASCII character. The NULL (0) character is not allowed because text data types cannot store such bytes.	chr(65)	A
concat(str "any" [, str "any" [, ...] ])	text	Concatenate the text representations of all the arguments. NULL arguments are ignored.	concat('abcde', 2, NULL, 22)	abcde222
concat_ws(sep text, str "any" [, str "any" [, ...] ])	text	Concatenate all but the first argument with separators. The first argument is used as the separator string. NULL arguments are ignored.	concat_ws(',', 'abcde', 2, NULL, 22)	abcde,2,22
convert(string bytea, src_encoding name, dest_encoding name)	bytea	Convert string to dest_encoding. The original encoding is specified by src_encoding. The string must be valid in this encoding. Conversions can be defined by CREATE CONVERSION. Also there are some predefined conversions. See Table 9.11 for available conversions.	convert('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8', 'LATIN1')	text_in_utf8 represented in Latin-1 encoding (ISO 8859-1)
convert_from(string bytea, src_encoding name)	text	Convert string to the database encoding. The original encoding is specified by src_encoding. The string must be valid in this encoding.	convert_from('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8')	text_in_utf8 represented in the current database encoding
convert_to(string text, dest_encoding name)	bytea	Convert string to dest_encoding.	convert_to('some text', 'UTF8')	some text represented in the UTF8 encoding
decode(string text, format text)	bytea	Decode binary data from textual representation in string. Options for format are same as in encode.	decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64')	\x3132330001
encode(data bytea, format text)	text	Encode binary data into a textual representation. Supported formats are: base64, hex, escape. escape converts zero bytes and high-bit-set bytes to octal sequences (\nnn) and doubles backslashes.	encode('123\000\001', 'base64')	MTIzAAE=
format(formatstr text [, formatarg "any" [, ...] ])	text	Format arguments according to a format string. This function is similar to the C function sprintf. See Section 9.4.1.	format('Hello %s, %1$s', 'World')	Hello World, World
initcap(string)	text	Convert the first letter of each word to upper case and the rest to lower case. Words are sequences of alphanumeric characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.	initcap('hi THOMAS')	Hi Thomas
left(str text, n int)	text	Return first n characters in the string. When n is negative, return all but last |n| characters.	left('abcde', 2)	ab
length(string)	int	Number of characters in string	length('jose')	4
length(string bytea, encoding name )	int	Number of characters in string in the given encoding. The string must be valid in this encoding.	length('jose', 'UTF8')	4
lpad(string text, length int [, fill text])	text	Fill up the string to length length by prepending the characters fill (a space by default). If the string is already longer than length then it is truncated (on the right).	lpad('hi', 5, 'xy')	xyxhi
ltrim(string text [, characters text])	text	Remove the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the start of string	ltrim('zzzytest', 'xyz')	test
md5(string)	text	Calculates the MD5 hash of string, returning the result in hexadecimal	md5('abc')	900150983cd24fb0 d6963f7d28e17f72
parse_ident(qualified_identifier text [, strictmode boolean DEFAULT true ] )	text[]	Split qualified_identifier into an array of identifiers, removing any quoting of individual identifiers. By default, extra characters after the last identifier are considered an error; but if the second parameter is false, then such extra characters are ignored. (This behavior is useful for parsing names for objects like functions.) Note that this function does not truncate over-length identifiers. If you want truncation you can cast the result to name[].	parse_ident('"SomeSchema".someTable')	{SomeSchema,sometable}
pg_client_encoding()	name	Current client encoding name	pg_client_encoding()	SQL_ASCII
quote_ident(string text)	text	Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier in an SQL statement string. Quotes are added only if necessary (i.e., if the string contains non-identifier characters or would be case-folded). Embedded quotes are properly doubled. See also Example 42.1.	quote_ident('Foo bar')	"Foo bar"
quote_literal(string text)	text	Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. Note that quote_literal returns null on null input; if the argument might be null, quote_nullable is often more suitable. See also Example 42.1.	quote_literal(E'O\'Reilly')	'O''Reilly'
quote_literal(value anyelement)	text	Coerce the given value to text and then quote it as a literal. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.	quote_literal(42.5)	'42.5'
quote_nullable(string text)	text	Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string; or, if the argument is null, return NULL. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. See also Example 42.1.	quote_nullable(NULL)	NULL
quote_nullable(value anyelement)	text	Coerce the given value to text and then quote it as a literal; or, if the argument is null, return NULL. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.	quote_nullable(42.5)	'42.5'
regexp_match(string text, pattern text [, flags text])	text[]	Return captured substring(s) resulting from the first match of a POSIX regular expression to the string. See Section 9.7.3 for more information.	regexp_match('foobarbequebaz', '(bar)(beque)')	{bar,beque}
regexp_matches(string text, pattern text [, flags text])	setof text[]	Return captured substring(s) resulting from matching a POSIX regular expression to the string. See Section 9.7.3 for more information.	regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', 'ba.', 'g')	{bar} {baz}(2 rows)
regexp_replace(string text, pattern text, replacement text [, flags text])	text	Replace substring(s) matching a POSIX regular expression. See Section 9.7.3 for more information.	regexp_replace('Thomas', '.[mN]a.', 'M')	ThM
regexp_split_to_array(string text, pattern text [, flags text ])	text[]	Split string using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. See Section 9.7.3 for more information.	regexp_split_to_array('hello world', '\s+')	{hello,world}
regexp_split_to_table(string text, pattern text [, flags text])	setof text	Split string using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. See Section 9.7.3 for more information.	regexp_split_to_table('hello world', '\s+')	hello world(2 rows)
repeat(string text, number int)	text	Repeat string the specified number of times	repeat('Pg', 4)	PgPgPgPg
replace(string text, from text, to text)	text	Replace all occurrences in string of substring from with substring to	replace('abcdefabcdef', 'cd', 'XX')	abXXefabXXef
reverse(str)	text	Return reversed string.	reverse('abcde')	edcba
right(str text, n int)	text	Return last n characters in the string. When n is negative, return all but first |n| characters.	right('abcde', 2)	de
rpad(string text, length int [, fill text])	text	Fill up the string to length length by appending the characters fill (a space by default). If the string is already longer than length then it is truncated.	rpad('hi', 5, 'xy')	hixyx
rtrim(string text [, characters text])	text	Remove the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the end of string	rtrim('testxxzx', 'xyz')	test
split_part(string text, delimiter text, field int)	text	Split string on delimiter and return the given field (counting from one)	split_part('abc~@~def~@~ghi', '~@~', 2)	def
strpos(string, substring)	int	Location of specified substring (same as position(substring in string), but note the reversed argument order)	strpos('high', 'ig')	2
substr(string, from [, count])	text	回傳子字串（與 substring(string from from for count) 相同）	substr('alphabet', 3, 2)	ph
starts_with(string, prefix)	bool	Returns true if string starts with prefix.	starts_with('alphabet', 'alph')	t
to_ascii(string text [, encoding text])	text	Convert string to ASCII from another encoding (only supports conversion from LATIN1, LATIN2, LATIN9, and WIN1250 encodings)	to_ascii('Karel')	Karel
to_hex(number int or bigint)	text	Convert number to its equivalent hexadecimal representation	to_hex(2147483647)	7fffffff
translate(string text, from text, to text)	text	Any character in string that matches a character in the from set is replaced by the corresponding character in the to set. If from is longer than to, occurrences of the extra characters in from are removed.	translate('12345', '143', 'ax')	a2x5

concat、concat_ws 和 format 函數是動態參數，因此可以將要連接或格式化的值以 VARIADIC 關鍵字標記的陣列（請參閱第 37.5.5 節）輸入。 將陣列的元素視為函數的一個普通參數。如果動態參數陣列參數為 NULL，則 concat 和 concat_ws 回傳 NULL，但是 format 將 NULL 視為零元素陣列。

另請參閱第 9.20 節中的彙總函數 string_agg。

Table 9.11. Built-in Conversions

Conversion Name	Source Encoding	Destination Encoding
ascii_to_mic	SQL_ASCII	MULE_INTERNAL
ascii_to_utf8	SQL_ASCII	UTF8
big5_to_euc_tw	BIG5	EUC_TW
big5_to_mic	BIG5	MULE_INTERNAL
big5_to_utf8	BIG5	UTF8
euc_cn_to_mic	EUC_CN	MULE_INTERNAL
euc_cn_to_utf8	EUC_CN	UTF8
euc_jp_to_mic	EUC_JP	MULE_INTERNAL
euc_jp_to_sjis	EUC_JP	SJIS
euc_jp_to_utf8	EUC_JP	UTF8
euc_kr_to_mic	EUC_KR	MULE_INTERNAL
euc_kr_to_utf8	EUC_KR	UTF8
euc_tw_to_big5	EUC_TW	BIG5
euc_tw_to_mic	EUC_TW	MULE_INTERNAL
euc_tw_to_utf8	EUC_TW	UTF8
gb18030_to_utf8	GB18030	UTF8
gbk_to_utf8	GBK	UTF8
iso_8859_10_to_utf8	LATIN6	UTF8
iso_8859_13_to_utf8	LATIN7	UTF8
iso_8859_14_to_utf8	LATIN8	UTF8
iso_8859_15_to_utf8	LATIN9	UTF8
iso_8859_16_to_utf8	LATIN10	UTF8
iso_8859_1_to_mic	LATIN1	MULE_INTERNAL
iso_8859_1_to_utf8	LATIN1	UTF8
iso_8859_2_to_mic	LATIN2	MULE_INTERNAL
iso_8859_2_to_utf8	LATIN2	UTF8
iso_8859_2_to_windows_1250	LATIN2	WIN1250
iso_8859_3_to_mic	LATIN3	MULE_INTERNAL
iso_8859_3_to_utf8	LATIN3	UTF8
iso_8859_4_to_mic	LATIN4	MULE_INTERNAL
iso_8859_4_to_utf8	LATIN4	UTF8
iso_8859_5_to_koi8_r	ISO_8859_5	KOI8R
iso_8859_5_to_mic	ISO_8859_5	MULE_INTERNAL
iso_8859_5_to_utf8	ISO_8859_5	UTF8
iso_8859_5_to_windows_1251	ISO_8859_5	WIN1251
iso_8859_5_to_windows_866	ISO_8859_5	WIN866
iso_8859_6_to_utf8	ISO_8859_6	UTF8
iso_8859_7_to_utf8	ISO_8859_7	UTF8
iso_8859_8_to_utf8	ISO_8859_8	UTF8
iso_8859_9_to_utf8	LATIN5	UTF8
johab_to_utf8	JOHAB	UTF8
koi8_r_to_iso_8859_5	KOI8R	ISO_8859_5
koi8_r_to_mic	KOI8R	MULE_INTERNAL
koi8_r_to_utf8	KOI8R	UTF8
koi8_r_to_windows_1251	KOI8R	WIN1251
koi8_r_to_windows_866	KOI8R	WIN866
koi8_u_to_utf8	KOI8U	UTF8
mic_to_ascii	MULE_INTERNAL	SQL_ASCII
mic_to_big5	MULE_INTERNAL	BIG5
mic_to_euc_cn	MULE_INTERNAL	EUC_CN
mic_to_euc_jp	MULE_INTERNAL	EUC_JP
mic_to_euc_kr	MULE_INTERNAL	EUC_KR
mic_to_euc_tw	MULE_INTERNAL	EUC_TW
mic_to_iso_8859_1	MULE_INTERNAL	LATIN1
mic_to_iso_8859_2	MULE_INTERNAL	LATIN2
mic_to_iso_8859_3	MULE_INTERNAL	LATIN3
mic_to_iso_8859_4	MULE_INTERNAL	LATIN4
mic_to_iso_8859_5	MULE_INTERNAL	ISO_8859_5
mic_to_koi8_r	MULE_INTERNAL	KOI8R
mic_to_sjis	MULE_INTERNAL	SJIS
mic_to_windows_1250	MULE_INTERNAL	WIN1250
mic_to_windows_1251	MULE_INTERNAL	WIN1251
mic_to_windows_866	MULE_INTERNAL	WIN866
sjis_to_euc_jp	SJIS	EUC_JP
sjis_to_mic	SJIS	MULE_INTERNAL
sjis_to_utf8	SJIS	UTF8
windows_1258_to_utf8	WIN1258	UTF8
uhc_to_utf8	UHC	UTF8
utf8_to_ascii	UTF8	SQL_ASCII
utf8_to_big5	UTF8	BIG5
utf8_to_euc_cn	UTF8	EUC_CN
utf8_to_euc_jp	UTF8	EUC_JP
utf8_to_euc_kr	UTF8	EUC_KR
utf8_to_euc_tw	UTF8	EUC_TW
utf8_to_gb18030	UTF8	GB18030
utf8_to_gbk	UTF8	GBK
utf8_to_iso_8859_1	UTF8	LATIN1
utf8_to_iso_8859_10	UTF8	LATIN6
utf8_to_iso_8859_13	UTF8	LATIN7
utf8_to_iso_8859_14	UTF8	LATIN8
utf8_to_iso_8859_15	UTF8	LATIN9
utf8_to_iso_8859_16	UTF8	LATIN10
utf8_to_iso_8859_2	UTF8	LATIN2
utf8_to_iso_8859_3	UTF8	LATIN3
utf8_to_iso_8859_4	UTF8	LATIN4
utf8_to_iso_8859_5	UTF8	ISO_8859_5
utf8_to_iso_8859_6	UTF8	ISO_8859_6
utf8_to_iso_8859_7	UTF8	ISO_8859_7
utf8_to_iso_8859_8	UTF8	ISO_8859_8
utf8_to_iso_8859_9	UTF8	LATIN5
utf8_to_johab	UTF8	JOHAB
utf8_to_koi8_r	UTF8	KOI8R
utf8_to_koi8_u	UTF8	KOI8U
utf8_to_sjis	UTF8	SJIS
utf8_to_windows_1258	UTF8	WIN1258
utf8_to_uhc	UTF8	UHC
utf8_to_windows_1250	UTF8	WIN1250
utf8_to_windows_1251	UTF8	WIN1251
utf8_to_windows_1252	UTF8	WIN1252
utf8_to_windows_1253	UTF8	WIN1253
utf8_to_windows_1254	UTF8	WIN1254
utf8_to_windows_1255	UTF8	WIN1255
utf8_to_windows_1256	UTF8	WIN1256
utf8_to_windows_1257	UTF8	WIN1257
utf8_to_windows_866	UTF8	WIN866
utf8_to_windows_874	UTF8	WIN874
windows_1250_to_iso_8859_2	WIN1250	LATIN2
windows_1250_to_mic	WIN1250	MULE_INTERNAL
windows_1250_to_utf8	WIN1250	UTF8
windows_1251_to_iso_8859_5	WIN1251	ISO_8859_5
windows_1251_to_koi8_r	WIN1251	KOI8R
windows_1251_to_mic	WIN1251	MULE_INTERNAL
windows_1251_to_utf8	WIN1251	UTF8
windows_1251_to_windows_866	WIN1251	WIN866
windows_1252_to_utf8	WIN1252	UTF8
windows_1256_to_utf8	WIN1256	UTF8
windows_866_to_iso_8859_5	WIN866	ISO_8859_5
windows_866_to_koi8_r	WIN866	KOI8R
windows_866_to_mic	WIN866	MULE_INTERNAL
windows_866_to_utf8	WIN866	UTF8
windows_866_to_windows_1251	WIN866	WIN
windows_874_to_utf8	WIN874	UTF8
euc_jis_2004_to_utf8	EUC_JIS_2004	UTF8
utf8_to_euc_jis_2004	UTF8	EUC_JIS_2004
shift_jis_2004_to_utf8	SHIFT_JIS_2004	UTF8
utf8_to_shift_jis_2004	UTF8	SHIFT_JIS_2004
euc_jis_2004_to_shift_jis_2004	EUC_JIS_2004	SHIFT_JIS_2004
shift_jis_2004_to_euc_jis_2004	SHIFT_JIS_2004	EUC_JIS_2004

轉換名稱遵循標準的命名規則：來源編碼的正式名稱，所有非字母數字字元均用下底線代替，接在 _to___ 之後，然後是經過類似處理的目標編碼名稱。因此，名稱可能與習慣的編碼名稱有所不同。

9.4.1. format

The function format produces output formatted according to a format string, in a style similar to the C function sprintf.

format(formatstr text [, formatarg "any" [, ...] ])

formatstr is a format string that specifies how the result should be formatted. Text in the format string is copied directly to the result, except where format specifiers are used. Format specifiers act as placeholders in the string, defining how subsequent function arguments should be formatted and inserted into the result. Each formatarg argument is converted to text according to the usual output rules for its data type, and then formatted and inserted into the result string according to the format specifier(s).

Format specifiers are introduced by a % character and have the form

%[position][flags][width]type

where the component fields are:position (optional)

A string of the form n$ where n is the index of the argument to print. Index 1 means the first argument after formatstr. If the position is omitted, the default is to use the next argument in sequence.flags (optional)

Additional options controlling how the format specifier's output is formatted. Currently the only supported flag is a minus sign (-) which will cause the format specifier's output to be left-justified. This has no effect unless the width field is also specified.width (optional)

Specifies the minimum number of characters to use to display the format specifier's output. The output is padded on the left or right (depending on the - flag) with spaces as needed to fill the width. A too-small width does not cause truncation of the output, but is simply ignored. The width may be specified using any of the following: a positive integer; an asterisk (*) to use the next function argument as the width; or a string of the form *n$ to use the _n_th function argument as the width.

If the width comes from a function argument, that argument is consumed before the argument that is used for the format specifier's value. If the width argument is negative, the result is left aligned (as if the - flag had been specified) within a field of length abs(width).type (required)

The type of format conversion to use to produce the format specifier's output. The following types are supported:

• s formats the argument value as a simple string. A null value is treated as an empty string.

• I treats the argument value as an SQL identifier, double-quoting it if necessary. It is an error for the value to be null (equivalent to quote_ident).

• L quotes the argument value as an SQL literal. A null value is displayed as the string NULL, without quotes (equivalent to quote_nullable).

In addition to the format specifiers described above, the special sequence %% may be used to output a literal % character.

Here are some examples of the basic format conversions:

SELECT format('Hello %s', 'World');
Result: Hello World

SELECT format('Testing %s, %s, %s, %%', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing one, two, three, %

SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'Foo bar', E'O\'Reilly');
Result: INSERT INTO "Foo bar" VALUES('O''Reilly')

SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'locations', 'C:\Program Files');
Result: INSERT INTO locations VALUES('C:\Program Files')

Here are examples using width fields and the - flag:

SELECT format('|%10s|', 'foo');
Result: |       foo|

SELECT format('|%-10s|', 'foo');
Result: |foo       |

SELECT format('|%*s|', 10, 'foo');
Result: |       foo|

SELECT format('|%*s|', -10, 'foo');
Result: |foo       |

SELECT format('|%-*s|', 10, 'foo');
Result: |foo       |

SELECT format('|%-*s|', -10, 'foo');
Result: |foo       |

These examples show use of position fields:

SELECT format('Testing %3$s, %2$s, %1$s', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing three, two, one

SELECT format('|%*2$s|', 'foo', 10, 'bar');
Result: |       bar|

SELECT format('|%1$*2$s|', 'foo', 10, 'bar');
Result: |       foo|

Unlike the standard C function sprintf, PostgreSQL's format function allows format specifiers with and without position fields to be mixed in the same format string. A format specifier without a position field always uses the next argument after the last argument consumed. In addition, the format function does not require all function arguments to be used in the format string. For example:

SELECT format('Testing %3$s, %2$s, %s', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing three, two, three

The %I and %L format specifiers are particularly useful for safely constructing dynamic SQL statements. See Example 42.1.