16.4. 安裝流程

1. 組態設定

安裝過程的第一步是設定原始碼編譯時所需的選項。這是透過執行 configure 腳本完成的。對於預設安裝而言，只需輸入：

./configure

此腳本將執行許多測試以確定各種系統相關變數的值，並檢測操作業系統的所有特性，最後將在編譯樹中建立多個檔案以記錄它找到的內容。如果要將編譯目錄分開，也可以在原始碼以外的目錄中執行 configure。此過程也稱為 VPATH 編譯。可以這樣做：

mkdir build_dir
cd build_dir
/path/to/source/tree/configure [options go here]
make

預設配置將編譯伺服器和工具程式，以及僅需要 C 編譯器的所有用戶端應用程式和介存取介面。預設情況下，所有檔案都將安裝在 /usr/local/pgsql 下。

您可以透過提供以下一個或多個命令列選項來自訂編譯的過程：

--prefix=PREFIX

安裝所以檔案到到目錄 PREFIX 下而不是 /usr/local/pgsql。實際檔案將安裝到各個子目錄中；任何檔案都不會直接安裝到 PREFIX 目錄中。

如果您有特殊需求，還可以使用以下選項自訂各個子目錄。但是，如果保留這些預設值，則安裝結果將是可重新配置的，這意味著您可以在安裝後移動目錄。（man 和 doc 路徑不受此影響。）

對於可重新配置的安裝，您可能希望使用 configure 的 --disable-rpath 選項。此外，您需要告訴作業系統如何尋找共享函式庫。

--exec-prefix=EXEC-PREFIX

您可以在與 PREFIX 設定的前綴不同的前綴 EXEC-PREFIX 下安裝相依於系統結構的檔案。這對於在主機之間共享與系統結構無關的檔案非常有用。如果省略這一點，則 EXEC-PREFIX 設定為等於 PREFIX，並且相依於系統結構的檔案和獨立檔案都將安裝在同一個樹下，這可能就是您想要的。

--bindir=DIRECTORY

指定可執行程式的目錄。預設值為 EXEC-PREFIX/bin，通常為 /usr/local/pgsql/bin。

--sysconfdir=DIRECTORY

預設設定各種組態配置檔案的目錄，PREFIX/etc。

--libdir=DIRECTORY

設定安裝函式庫和動態模組的位置。預設值為 EXEC-PREFIX/lib。

--includedir=DIRECTORY

設定安裝 C 和 C++ 標頭檔案的目錄。預設值為 PREFIX/include。

--datarootdir=DIRECTORY

設定各種類型的唯讀資料檔案的根目錄。這僅設定以下某些選項的預設值。預設值為 PREFIX/share。

--datadir=DIRECTORY

設定安裝好的程式所使用的唯讀資料檔案目錄。預設值為 DATAROOTDIR。請注意，這與放置資料庫檔案的位置無關。

--localedir=DIRECTORY

設定用於安裝區域設定資料的目錄，像是訊息翻譯的目錄檔案。預設值為 DATAROOTDIR/locale。

--mandir=DIRECTORY

PostgreSQL 附帶的手冊頁面將安裝在此目錄下的各自 manx 子目錄中。預設值為 DATAROOTDIR/man。

--docdir=DIRECTORY

設定安裝文件檔案的根目錄，“man” 頁面除外。這僅設定以下選項的預設值。此選項的預設值為 DARAROOTDIR/doc/postgresql。

--htmldir=DIRECTORY

PostgreSQL 的 HTML 格式文件檔案將安裝在此目錄下。預設值為 DATAROOTDIR。

注意 可以將 PostgreSQL 安裝到共享安裝位置（例如 /usr/local/include），而不會干擾系統其餘部分的命名空間。首先，字串 “/postgresql” 會自動附加到 datadir，sysconfdir 和docdir，除非完全展開的目錄名已包含字串 “postgres” 或 “pgsql”。例如，如果選擇 /usr/local 作為前綴，則檔案將安裝在 /usr/local/doc/postgresql 中，但如果前綴為 /opt/postgres，則它將位於 /opt/postgres/doc 中。用戶端介面的公用 C 標頭檔案安裝在 includedir 中，並且命名空間是清楚的。內部標頭檔案和伺服器標頭檔案安裝在 includedir 下的私有目錄中。有關如何存取其標頭檔案的訊息，請參閱每個介面的文件檔案。最後，如果可以的話，還將在 libdir 下為可動態載入的模組建立一個私有的子目錄。

--with-extra-version=STRING

將 STRING 附加到 PostgreSQL 版本號。例如，您可以使用此標記來標記從未發布的 Git 快照所編譯的二進位檔案，或者包含帶有額外版本字串的自訂修補程式，例如 git describe 識別字或某個發行套裝的版本號碼。

--with-includes=DIRECTORIES

DIRECTORIES 是一個以冒號分隔的目錄列表，它們將加到編譯器搜尋標頭檔案的列表中。如果您在非標準路徑安裝了選擇性套件（例如GNU Readline），則必須使用此選項，並且可能還需要設定相對應的 --with-libraries 選項。

例如： --with-includes=/opt/gnu/include:/usr/sup/include

--with-libraries=DIRECTORIES

DIRECTORIES 是一個以冒號分隔的目錄列表，用於搜尋函式庫。如果您在非標準路徑安裝了某些軟體套件，則可能必須使用此選項（以及相對應的 --with-includes 選項）。

例如： --with-libraries=/opt/gnu/lib:/usr/sup/lib

--enable-nls[=LANGUAGES]

啟用內建語言支援（NLS），即以英語以外的語言顯示程式訊息的功能。 LANGUAGES 是您希望支援語言代碼的選擇性空格分隔列表，例如 --enable-nls ='de fr'。（將自動計算列表與實際提供的翻譯集之間的交集。）如果未指定列表，則會安裝所有可用的翻譯。

要使用此選項，您需要實作 Gettext API；如上所述。

--with-pgport=NUMBER

將 NUMBER 設定為伺服器和用戶端的預設連接埠號碼。預設值為 5432。之後可以隨時更改連接埠，但如果在此處指定端口，則伺服器和用戶端都將具有相同的預設編譯，這會非常方便。通常，選擇非預設值的唯一理由是，您打算在同一台機器上執行多個 PostgreSQL 伺服器。

--with-perl

編譯 PL / Perl 伺服器端語言。

--with-python

編譯 PL / Python 伺服器端語言。

--with-tcl

編譯 PL / Tcl 伺服器端語言。

--with-tclconfig=DIRECTORY

Tcl 安裝檔案 tclConfig.sh，其中包含編譯與 Tcl 介面模組所需的組態資訊。此檔案通常在一個眾所周知的路徑中自動找到，但如果您想使用不同版本的 Tcl，則可以指定搜尋它的目錄。

--with-gssapi

Build with support for GSSAPI authentication. On many systems, the GSSAPI (usually a part of the Kerberos installation) system is not installed in a location that is searched by default (e.g.,/usr/include, /usr/lib), so you must use the options --with-includes and --with-libraries in addition to this option. configure will check for the required header files and libraries to make sure that your GSSAPI installation is sufficient before proceeding.

--with-krb-srvnam=NAME

The default name of the Kerberos service principal used by GSSAPI. postgres is the default. There's usually no reason to change this unless you have a Windows environment, in which case it must be set to upper case POSTGRES.

--with-llvm

Build with support for LLVM based JIT compilation (see Chapter 32). This requires the LLVM library to be installed. The minimum required version of LLVM is currently 3.9.

llvm-config will be used to find the required compilation options. llvm-config, and then llvm-config-$major-$minor for all supported versions, will be searched on PATH. If that would not yield the correct binary, use LLVM_CONFIG to specify a path to the correct llvm-config. For example

./configure ... --with-llvm LLVM_CONFIG='/path/to/llvm/bin/llvm-config'

LLVM support requires a compatible clang compiler (specified, if necessary, using the CLANG environment variable), and a working C++ compiler (specified, if necessary, using the CXXenvironment variable).

--with-icu

Build with support for the ICU library. This requires the ICU4C package to be installed. The minimum required version of ICU4C is currently 4.2.

By default, pkg-config will be used to find the required compilation options. This is supported for ICU4C version 4.6 and later. For older versions, or if pkg-config is not available, the variables ICU_CFLAGS and ICU_LIBS can be specified to configure, like in this example:

./configure ... --with-icu ICU_CFLAGS='-I/some/where/include' ICU_LIBS='-L/some/where/lib -licui18n -licuuc -licudata'

(If ICU4C is in the default search path for the compiler, then you still need to specify a nonempty string in order to avoid use of pkg-config, for example, ICU_CFLAGS=' '.)

--with-openssl

Build with support for SSL (encrypted) connections. This requires the OpenSSL package to be installed. configure will check for the required header files and libraries to make sure that your OpenSSL installation is sufficient before proceeding.

--with-pam

Build with PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) support.

--with-bsd-auth

Build with BSD Authentication support. (The BSD Authentication framework is currently only available on OpenBSD.)

--with-ldap

Build with LDAP support for authentication and connection parameter lookup (see Section 34.17 and Section 20.10 for more information). On Unix, this requires the OpenLDAP package to be installed. On Windows, the default WinLDAP library is used. configure will check for the required header files and libraries to make sure that your OpenLDAP installation is sufficient before proceeding.

--with-systemd

Build with support for systemd service notifications. This improves integration if the server binary is started under systemd but has no impact otherwise; see Section 18.3 for more information. libsystemd and the associated header files need to be installed to be able to use this option.

--without-readline

Prevents use of the Readline library (and libedit as well). This option disables command-line editing and history in psql, so it is not recommended.

--with-libedit-preferred

Favors the use of the BSD-licensed libedit library rather than GPL-licensed Readline. This option is significant only if you have both libraries installed; the default in that case is to use Readline.

--with-bonjour

Build with Bonjour support. This requires Bonjour support in your operating system. Recommended on macOS.

--with-uuid=LIBRARY

Build the uuid-ossp module (which provides functions to generate UUIDs), using the specified UUID library. LIBRARY must be one of:

• bsd to use the UUID functions found in FreeBSD, NetBSD, and some other BSD-derived systems

• e2fs to use the UUID library created by the e2fsprogs project; this library is present in most Linux systems and in macOS, and can be obtained for other platforms as well

• ossp to use the OSSP UUID library

--with-ossp-uuid

Obsolete equivalent of --with-uuid=ossp.

--with-libxml

Build with libxml (enables SQL/XML support). Libxml version 2.6.23 or later is required for this feature.

Libxml installs a program xml2-config that can be used to detect the required compiler and linker options. PostgreSQL will use it automatically if found. To specify a libxml installation at an unusual location, you can either set the environment variable XML2_CONFIG to point to the xml2-config program belonging to the installation, or use the options --with-includes and --with-libraries.--with-libxslt

Use libxslt when building the xml2 module. xml2 relies on this library to perform XSL transformations of XML.

--disable-float4-byval

Disable passing float4 values “by value”, causing them to be passed “by reference” instead. This option costs performance, but may be needed for compatibility with old user-defined functions that are written in C and use the “version 0” calling convention. A better long-term solution is to update any such functions to use the “version 1” calling convention.

--disable-float8-byval

Disable passing float8 values “by value”, causing them to be passed “by reference” instead. This option costs performance, but may be needed for compatibility with old user-defined functions that are written in C and use the “version 0” calling convention. A better long-term solution is to update any such functions to use the “version 1” calling convention. Note that this option affects not only float8, but also int8 and some related types such as timestamp. On 32-bit platforms, --disable-float8-byval is the default and it is not allowed to select --enable-float8-byval.

--with-segsize=SEGSIZE

Set the segment size, in gigabytes. Large tables are divided into multiple operating-system files, each of size equal to the segment size. This avoids problems with file size limits that exist on many platforms. The default segment size, 1 gigabyte, is safe on all supported platforms. If your operating system has “largefile” support (which most do, nowadays), you can use a larger segment size. This can be helpful to reduce the number of file descriptors consumed when working with very large tables. But be careful not to select a value larger than is supported by your platform and the file systems you intend to use. Other tools you might wish to use, such as tar, could also set limits on the usable file size. It is recommended, though not absolutely required, that this value be a power of 2. Note that changing this value requires an initdb.

--with-blocksize=BLOCKSIZE

Set the block size, in kilobytes. This is the unit of storage and I/O within tables. The default, 8 kilobytes, is suitable for most situations; but other values may be useful in special cases. The value must be a power of 2 between 1 and 32 (kilobytes). Note that changing this value requires an initdb.

--with-wal-blocksize=BLOCKSIZE

Set the WAL block size, in kilobytes. This is the unit of storage and I/O within the WAL log. The default, 8 kilobytes, is suitable for most situations; but other values may be useful in special cases. The value must be a power of 2 between 1 and 64 (kilobytes). Note that changing this value requires an initdb.

--disable-spinlocks

Allow the build to succeed even if PostgreSQL has no CPU spinlock support for the platform. The lack of spinlock support will result in poor performance; therefore, this option should only be used if the build aborts and informs you that the platform lacks spinlock support. If this option is required to build PostgreSQL on your platform, please report the problem to the PostgreSQLdevelopers.

--disable-strong-random

Allow the build to succeed even if PostgreSQL has no support for strong random numbers on the platform. A source of random numbers is needed for some authentication protocols, as well as some routines in the pgcrypto module. --disable-strong-random disables functionality that requires cryptographically strong random numbers, and substitutes a weak pseudo-random-number-generator for the generation of authentication salt values and query cancel keys. It may make authentication less secure.

--disable-thread-safety

Disable the thread-safety of client libraries. This prevents concurrent threads in libpq and ECPG programs from safely controlling their private connection handles.

--with-system-tzdata=DIRECTORY

PostgreSQL includes its own time zone database, which it requires for date and time operations. This time zone database is in fact compatible with the IANA time zone database provided by many operating systems such as FreeBSD, Linux, and Solaris, so it would be redundant to install it again. When this option is used, the system-supplied time zone database in DIRECTORY is used instead of the one included in the PostgreSQL source distribution. DIRECTORY must be specified as an absolute path. /usr/share/zoneinfo is a likely directory on some operating systems. Note that the installation routine will not detect mismatching or erroneous time zone data. If you use this option, you are advised to run the regression tests to verify that the time zone data you have pointed to works correctly with PostgreSQL.

This option is mainly aimed at binary package distributors who know their target operating system well. The main advantage of using this option is that the PostgreSQL package won't need to be upgraded whenever any of the many local daylight-saving time rules change. Another advantage is that PostgreSQL can be cross-compiled more straightforwardly if the time zone database files do not need to be built during the installation.

--without-zlib

Prevents use of the Zlib library. This disables support for compressed archives in pg_dump and pg_restore. This option is only intended for those rare systems where this library is not available.

--enable-debug

Compiles all programs and libraries with debugging symbols. This means that you can run the programs in a debugger to analyze problems. This enlarges the size of the installed executables considerably, and on non-GCC compilers it usually also disables compiler optimization, causing slowdowns. However, having the symbols available is extremely helpful for dealing with any problems that might arise. Currently, this option is recommended for production installations only if you use GCC. But you should always have it on if you are doing development work or running a beta version.

--enable-coverage

If using GCC, all programs and libraries are compiled with code coverage testing instrumentation. When run, they generate files in the build directory with code coverage metrics. SeeSection 33.5 for more information. This option is for use only with GCC and when doing development work.

--enable-profiling

If using GCC, all programs and libraries are compiled so they can be profiled. On backend exit, a subdirectory will be created that contains the gmon.out file for use in profiling. This option is for use only with GCC and when doing development work.

--enable-cassert

Enables assertion checks in the server, which test for many “cannot happen” conditions. This is invaluable for code development purposes, but the tests can slow down the server significantly. Also, having the tests turned on won't necessarily enhance the stability of your server! The assertion checks are not categorized for severity, and so what might be a relatively harmless bug will still lead to server restarts if it triggers an assertion failure. This option is not recommended for production use, but you should have it on for development work or when running a beta version.

--enable-depend

Enables automatic dependency tracking. With this option, the makefiles are set up so that all affected object files will be rebuilt when any header file is changed. This is useful if you are doing development work, but is just wasted overhead if you intend only to compile once and install. At present, this option only works with GCC.

--enable-dtrace

Compiles PostgreSQL with support for the dynamic tracing tool DTrace. See Section 28.5 for more information.

To point to the dtrace program, the environment variable DTRACE can be set. This will often be necessary because dtrace is typically installed under /usr/sbin, which might not be in the path.

Extra command-line options for the dtrace program can be specified in the environment variable DTRACEFLAGS. On Solaris, to include DTrace support in a 64-bit binary, you must specify DTRACEFLAGS="-64" to configure. For example, using the GCC compiler:

./configure CC='gcc -m64' --enable-dtrace DTRACEFLAGS='-64' ...

Using Sun's compiler:

./configure CC='/opt/SUNWspro/bin/cc -xtarget=native64' --enable-dtrace DTRACEFLAGS='-64' ...

--enable-tap-tests

Enable tests using the Perl TAP tools. This requires a Perl installation and the Perl module IPC::Run. See Section 33.4 for more information.

If you prefer a C compiler different from the one configure picks, you can set the environment variable CC to the program of your choice. By default, configure will pick gcc if available, else the platform's default (usually cc). Similarly, you can override the default compiler flags if needed with the CFLAGS variable.

You can specify environment variables on the configure command line, for example:

./configure CC=/opt/bin/gcc CFLAGS='-O2 -pipe'

Here is a list of the significant variables that can be set in this manner:

BISON

Bison program

CC

C compiler

CFLAGS

options to pass to the C compiler

CLANG

path to clang program used to process source code for inlining when compiling with --with-llvmCPP

C preprocessor

CPPFLAGS

options to pass to the C preprocessor

CXX

C++ compiler

CXXFLAGS

options to pass to the C++ compiler

DTRACE

location of the dtrace program

DTRACEFLAGS

options to pass to the dtrace program

FLEX

Flex programLDFLAGS

options to use when linking either executables or shared libraries

LDFLAGS_EX

additional options for linking executables only

LDFLAGS_SL

additional options for linking shared libraries only

LLVM_CONFIG

llvm-config program used to locate the LLVM installation.

MSGFMT

msgfmt program for native language support

PERL

Full path name of the Perl interpreter. This will be used to determine the dependencies for building PL/Perl.

PYTHON

Full path name of the Python interpreter. This will be used to determine the dependencies for building PL/Python. Also, whether Python 2 or 3 is specified here (or otherwise implicitly chosen) determines which variant of the PL/Python language becomes available. See Section 46.1 for more information.

TCLSH

Full path name of the Tcl interpreter. This will be used to determine the dependencies for building PL/Tcl, and it will be substituted into Tcl scripts.

XML2_CONFIG

xml2-config program used to locate the libxml installation.

Sometimes it is useful to add compiler flags after-the-fact to the set that were chosen by configure. An important example is that gcc's -Werror option cannot be included in the CFLAGSpassed to configure, because it will break many of configure's built-in tests. To add such flags, include them in the COPT environment variable while running make. The contents ofCOPT are added to both the CFLAGS and LDFLAGS options set up by configure. For example, you could do

make COPT='-Werror'

or

export COPT='-Werror'
make

Note

When developing code inside the server, it is recommended to use the configure options --enable-cassert (which turns on many run-time error checks) and --enable-debug(which improves the usefulness of debugging tools).

If using GCC, it is best to build with an optimization level of at least -O1, because using no optimization (-O0) disables some important compiler warnings (such as the use of uninitialized variables). However, non-zero optimization levels can complicate debugging because stepping through compiled code will usually not match up one-to-one with source code lines. If you get confused while trying to debug optimized code, recompile the specific files of interest with -O0. An easy way to do this is by passing an option to make:

make PROFILE=-O0 file.o.

The COPT and PROFILE environment variables are actually handled identically by the PostgreSQL makefiles. Which to use is a matter of preference, but a common habit among developers is to use PROFILE for one-time flag adjustments, while COPT might be kept set all the time.

2. 編譯

要開始編譯，請輸入以下任一項：

make
make all

（請使用GNU make。）編譯將花費一些時間，具體取決於您的硬體。顯示的最後一行應該是：

All of PostgreSQL successfully made. Ready to install.

如果要編譯所有可編譯的內容，包括文件（HTML和手冊頁）以及其他模組（contrib），請輸入：

make world

顯示的最後一行應該是：

PostgreSQL, contrib, and documentation successfully made. Ready to install.

如果要從另一個 makefile 而不是手動呼叫編譯，則必須取消設定 MAKELEVEL 或將其設定為零，例如：

build-postgresql:
        $(MAKE) -C postgresql MAKELEVEL=0 all

如果不這樣做可能會導致奇怪的錯誤訊息，通常是缺少標頭檔案。

3. 迴歸測試

如果要在安裝之前測試新編譯的伺服器，則可以在此時執行迴歸測試。迴歸測試是一個測試套件，用於驗證 PostgreSQL 是否以開發人員期望的方式在您的主機上執行。輸入：

make check

（這不能以 root 身份運行；請以非特權用戶身份執行。）有關解釋測試結果的詳細訊息，請參閱第 33 章。您可以在之後透過相同的命令重複此測試。

4. Installing the Files

Note

If you are upgrading an existing system be sure to read Section 18.6, which has instructions about upgrading a cluster.

To install PostgreSQL enter:

make install

This will install files into the directories that were specified in Step 1. Make sure that you have appropriate permissions to write into that area. Normally you need to do this step as root. Alternatively, you can create the target directories in advance and arrange for appropriate permissions to be granted.

To install the documentation (HTML and man pages), enter:

make install-docs

If you built the world above, type instead:

make install-world

This also installs the documentation.

You can use make install-strip instead of make install to strip the executable files and libraries as they are installed. This will save some space. If you built with debugging support, stripping will effectively remove the debugging support, so it should only be done if debugging is no longer needed. install-strip tries to do a reasonable job saving space, but it does not have perfect knowledge of how to strip every unneeded byte from an executable file, so if you want to save all the disk space you possibly can, you will have to do manual work.

The standard installation provides all the header files needed for client application development as well as for server-side program development, such as custom functions or data types written in C. (Prior to PostgreSQL 8.0, a separate make install-all-headers command was needed for the latter, but this step has been folded into the standard install.)

Client-only installation: If you want to install only the client applications and interface libraries, then you can use these commands:

make -C src/bin install
make -C src/include install
make -C src/interfaces install
make -C doc install

src/bin has a few binaries for server-only use, but they are small.

Uninstallation: To undo the installation use the command make uninstall. However, this will not remove any created directories.

Cleaning: After the installation you can free disk space by removing the built files from the source tree with the command make clean. This will preserve the files made by the configure program, so that you can rebuild everything with make later on. To reset the source tree to the state in which it was distributed, use make distclean. If you are going to build for several platforms within the same source tree you must do this and re-configure for each platform. (Alternatively, use a separate build tree for each platform, so that the source tree remains unmodified.)

If you perform a build and then discover that your configure options were wrong, or if you change anything that configure investigates (for example, software upgrades), then it's a good idea to do make distclean before reconfiguring and rebuilding. Without this, your changes in configuration choices might not propagate everywhere they need to.