8.16. 複合型別

A_composite type_represents the structure of a row or record; it is essentially just a list of field names and their data types.PostgreSQLallows composite types to be used in many of the same ways that simple types can be used. For example, a column of a table can be declared to be of a composite type.

8.16.1. Declaration of Composite Types

Here are two simple examples of defining composite types:

CREATE TYPE complex AS (
    r       double precision,
    i       double precision
);

CREATE TYPE inventory_item AS (
    name            text,
    supplier_id     integer,
    price           numeric
);

The syntax is comparable toCREATE TABLE, except that only field names and types can be specified; no constraints (such asNOT NULL) can presently be included. Note that theASkeyword is essential; without it, the system will think a different kind ofCREATE TYPEcommand is meant, and you will get odd syntax errors.

Having defined the types, we can use them to create tables:

CREATE TABLE on_hand (
    item      inventory_item,
    count     integer
);

INSERT INTO on_hand VALUES (ROW('fuzzy dice', 42, 1.99), 1000);

or functions:

CREATE FUNCTION price_extension(inventory_item, integer) RETURNS numeric
AS 'SELECT $1.price * $2' LANGUAGE SQL;

SELECT price_extension(item, 10) FROM on_hand;

Whenever you create a table, a composite type is also automatically created, with the same name as the table, to represent the table's row type. For example, had we said:

CREATE TABLE inventory_item (
    name            text,
    supplier_id     integer REFERENCES suppliers,
    price           numeric CHECK (price 
>
 0)
);

then the sameinventory_itemcomposite type shown above would come into being as a byproduct, and could be used just as above. Note however an important restriction of the current implementation: since no constraints are associated with a composite type, the constraints shown in the table definition_do not apply_to values of the composite type outside the table. (A partial workaround is to use domain types as members of composite types.)

8.16.2. Constructing Composite Values

To write a composite value as a literal constant, enclose the field values within parentheses and separate them by commas. You can put double quotes around any field value, and must do so if it contains commas or parentheses. (More details appearbelow.) Thus, the general format of a composite constant is the following:

'( 
val1
 , 
val2
 , ... )'

An example is:

'("fuzzy dice",42,1.99)'

which would be a valid value of theinventory_itemtype defined above. To make a field be NULL, write no characters at all in its position in the list. For example, this constant specifies a NULL third field:

'("fuzzy dice",42,)'

If you want an empty string rather than NULL, write double quotes:

'("",42,)'

Here the first field is a non-NULL empty string, the third is NULL.

(These constants are actually only a special case of the generic type constants discussed inSection 4.1.2.7. The constant is initially treated as a string and passed to the composite-type input conversion routine. An explicit type specification might be necessary to tell which type to convert the constant to.)

TheROWexpression syntax can also be used to construct composite values. In most cases this is considerably simpler to use than the string-literal syntax since you don't have to worry about multiple layers of quoting. We already used this method above:

ROW('fuzzy dice', 42, 1.99)
ROW('', 42, NULL)

The ROW keyword is actually optional as long as you have more than one field in the expression, so these can be simplified to:

('fuzzy dice', 42, 1.99)
('', 42, NULL)

TheROWexpression syntax is discussed in more detail inSection 4.2.13.

8.16.3. Accessing Composite Types

To access a field of a composite column, one writes a dot and the field name, much like selecting a field from a table name. In fact, it's so much like selecting from a table name that you often have to use parentheses to keep from confusing the parser. For example, you might try to select some subfields from ouron_handexample table with something like:

SELECT item.name FROM on_hand WHERE item.price 
>
 9.99;

This will not work since the nameitemis taken to be a table name, not a column name ofon_hand, per SQL syntax rules. You must write it like this:

SELECT (item).name FROM on_hand WHERE (item).price 
>
 9.99;

or if you need to use the table name as well (for instance in a multitable query), like this:

SELECT (on_hand.item).name FROM on_hand WHERE (on_hand.item).price 
>
 9.99;

Now the parenthesized object is correctly interpreted as a reference to theitemcolumn, and then the subfield can be selected from it.

Similar syntactic issues apply whenever you select a field from a composite value. For instance, to select just one field from the result of a function that returns a composite value, you'd need to write something like:

SELECT (my_func(...)).field FROM ...

Without the extra parentheses, this will generate a syntax error.

The special field name*means“all fields”, as further explained inSection 8.16.5.

8.16.4. Modifying Composite Types

Here are some examples of the proper syntax for inserting and updating composite columns. First, inserting or updating a whole column:

INSERT INTO mytab (complex_col) VALUES((1.1,2.2));

UPDATE mytab SET complex_col = ROW(1.1,2.2) WHERE ...;

The first example omitsROW, the second uses it; we could have done it either way.

We can update an individual subfield of a composite column:

UPDATE mytab SET complex_col.r = (complex_col).r + 1 WHERE ...;

Notice here that we don't need to (and indeed cannot) put parentheses around the column name appearing just afterSET, but we do need parentheses when referencing the same column in the expression to the right of the equal sign.

And we can specify subfields as targets forINSERT, too:

INSERT INTO mytab (complex_col.r, complex_col.i) VALUES(1.1, 2.2);

Had we not supplied values for all the subfields of the column, the remaining subfields would have been filled with null values.

8.16.5. Using Composite Types in Queries

There are various special syntax rules and behaviors associated with composite types in queries. These rules provide useful shortcuts, but can be confusing if you don't know the logic behind them.

InPostgreSQL, a reference to a table name (or alias) in a query is effectively a reference to the composite value of the table's current row. For example, if we had a tableinventory_itemas shownabove, we could write:

SELECT c FROM inventory_item c;

This query produces a single composite-valued column, so we might get output like:

           c
------------------------
 ("fuzzy dice",42,1.99)
(1 row)

Note however that simple names are matched to column names before table names, so this example works only because there is no column namedcin the query's tables.

The ordinary qualified-column-name syntaxtable_name._column_name_can be understood as applyingfield selectionto the composite value of the table's current row. (For efficiency reasons, it's not actually implemented that way.)

When we write

SELECT c.* FROM inventory_item c;

then, according to the SQL standard, we should get the contents of the table expanded into separate columns:

    name    | supplier_id | price
------------+-------------+-------
 fuzzy dice |          42 |  1.99
(1 row)

as if the query were

SELECT c.name, c.supplier_id, c.price FROM inventory_item c;

PostgreSQLwill apply this expansion behavior to any composite-valued expression, although as shownabove, you need to write parentheses around the value that.*is applied to whenever it's not a simple table name. For example, ifmyfunc()is a function returning a composite type with columnsa,b, andc, then these two queries have the same result:

SELECT (myfunc(x)).* FROM some_table;
SELECT (myfunc(x)).a, (myfunc(x)).b, (myfunc(x)).c FROM some_table;

Tip

PostgreSQLhandles column expansion by actually transforming the first form into the second. So, in this example,myfunc()would get invoked three times per row with either syntax. If it's an expensive function you may wish to avoid that, which you can do with a query like:

SELECT (m).* FROM (SELECT myfunc(x) AS m FROM some_table OFFSET 0) ss;

TheOFFSET 0clause keeps the optimizer from“flattening”the sub-select to arrive at the form with multiple calls ofmyfunc().

Thecomposite_value.*syntax results in column expansion of this kind when it appears at the top level of aSELECToutput list, aRETURNINGlistinINSERT/UPDATE/DELETE, aVALUESclause, or arow constructor. In all other contexts (including when nested inside one of those constructs), attaching.*to a composite value does not change the value, since it means“all columns”and so the same composite value is produced again. For example, ifsomefunc()accepts a composite-valued argument, these queries are the same:

SELECT somefunc(c.*) FROM inventory_item c;
SELECT somefunc(c) FROM inventory_item c;

In both cases, the current row ofinventory_itemis passed to the function as a single composite-valued argument. Even though.*does nothing in such cases, using it is good style, since it makes clear that a composite value is intended. In particular, the parser will considercinc.*to refer to a table name or alias, not to a column name, so that there is no ambiguity; whereas without.*, it is not clear whethercmeans a table name or a column name, and in fact the column-name interpretation will be preferred if there is a column namedc.

Another example demonstrating these concepts is that all these queries mean the same thing:

SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY c;
SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY c.*;
SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY ROW(c.*);

All of theseORDER BYclauses specify the row's composite value, resulting in sorting the rows according to the rules described inSection 9.23.6. However, ifinventory_itemcontained a column namedc, the first case would be different from the others, as it would mean to sort by that column only. Given the column names previously shown, these queries are also equivalent to those above:

SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY ROW(c.name, c.supplier_id, c.price);
SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY (c.name, c.supplier_id, c.price);

(The last case uses a row constructor with the key wordROWomitted.)

Another special syntactical behavior associated with composite values is that we can usefunctional notation_for extracting a field of a composite value. The simple way to explain this is that the notationsfield(table)andtable.field_are interchangeable. For example, these queries are equivalent:

SELECT c.name FROM inventory_item c WHERE c.price 
>
 1000;
SELECT name(c) FROM inventory_item c WHERE price(c) 
>
 1000;

Moreover, if we have a function that accepts a single argument of a composite type, we can call it with either notation. These queries are all equivalent:

SELECT somefunc(c) FROM inventory_item c;
SELECT somefunc(c.*) FROM inventory_item c;
SELECT c.somefunc FROM inventory_item c;

This equivalence between functional notation and field notation makes it possible to use functions on composite types to implement“computed fields”.An application using the last query above wouldn't need to be directly aware thatsomefuncisn't a real column of the table.

Tip

Because of this behavior, it's unwise to give a function that takes a single composite-type argument the same name as any of the fields of that composite type. If there is ambiguity, the field-name interpretation will be preferred, so that such a function could not be called without tricks. One way to force the function interpretation is to schema-qualify the function name, that is, writeschema.func(compositevalue).

8.16.6. Composite Type Input and Output Syntax

The external text representation of a composite value consists of items that are interpreted according to the I/O conversion rules for the individual field types, plus decoration that indicates the composite structure. The decoration consists of parentheses ((and)) around the whole value, plus commas (,) between adjacent items. Whitespace outside the parentheses is ignored, but within the parentheses it is considered part of the field value, and might or might not be significant depending on the input conversion rules for the field data type. For example, in:

'(  42)'

the whitespace will be ignored if the field type is integer, but not if it is text.

As shown previously, when writing a composite value you can write double quotes around any individual field value. You_must_do so if the field value would otherwise confuse the composite-value parser. In particular, fields containing parentheses, commas, double quotes, or backslashes must be double-quoted. To put a double quote or backslash in a quoted composite field value, precede it with a backslash. (Also, a pair of double quotes within a double-quoted field value is taken to represent a double quote character, analogously to the rules for single quotes in SQL literal strings.) Alternatively, you can avoid quoting and use backslash-escaping to protect all data characters that would otherwise be taken as composite syntax.

A completely empty field value (no characters at all between the commas or parentheses) represents a NULL. To write a value that is an empty string rather than NULL, write"".

The composite output routine will put double quotes around field values if they are empty strings or contain parentheses, commas, double quotes, backslashes, or white space. (Doing so for white space is not essential, but aids legibility.) Double quotes and backslashes embedded in field values will be doubled.

Note

Remember that what you write in an SQL command will first be interpreted as a string literal, and then as a composite. This doubles the number of backslashes you need (assuming escape string syntax is used). For example, to insert atextfield containing a double quote and a backslash in a composite value, you'd need to write:

INSERT ... VALUES (E'("\\"\\\\")');

The string-literal processor removes one level of backslashes, so that what arrives at the composite-value parser looks like("\"\\"). In turn, the string fed to thetextdata type's input routine becomes"\. (If we were working with a data type whose input routine also treated backslashes specially,byteafor example, we might need as many as eight backslashes in the command to get one backslash into the stored composite field.) Dollar quoting (seeSection 4.1.2.4) can be used to avoid the need to double backslashes.

Tip

TheROWconstructor syntax is usually easier to work with than the composite-literal syntax when writing composite values in SQL commands. InROW, individual field values are written the same way they would be written when not members of a composite.