PostgreSQL 正體中文使用手冊
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  • 簡介
  • 前言
    • 1. 什麼是PostgreSQL?
    • 2. PostgreSQL沿革
    • 3. 慣例
    • 4. 其他參考資訊
    • 5. 問題回報指南
  • I. 新手教學
    • 1. 入門指南
      • 1.1. 安裝
      • 1.2. 基礎架構
      • 1.3. 建立一個資料庫
      • 1.4. 存取一個資料庫
    • 2. SQL查詢語言
      • 2.1. 簡介
      • 2.2. 概念
      • 2.3. 創建一個新的資料表
      • 2.4. 資料列是資料表的組成單位
      • 2.5. 資料表的查詢
      • 2.6. 交叉查詢
      • 2.7. 彙總查詢
      • 2.8. 更新資料
      • 2.9. 刪除資料
    • 3. 先進功能
      • 3.1. 簡介
      • 3.2. 檢視表(View)
      • 3.3. 外部索引鍵
      • 3.4. 交易安全
      • 3.5. 窗函數
      • 3.6. 繼承
      • 3.7. 結論
  • II. SQL查詢語言
    • 4. SQL語法
      • 4.1. 語法結構
      • 4.2. 參數表示式
      • 4.3. 函數呼叫
    • 5. 定義資料結構
      • 5.1. 認識資料表
      • 5.2. 預設值
      • 5.3. 限制條件
      • 5.4. 系統欄位
      • 5.5. 表格變更
      • 5.6. 權限
      • 5.7. 資料列安全原則
      • 5.8. Schemas
      • 5.9. 繼承
      • 5.10. 分割資料表
      • 5.11. 外部資料
      • 5.12. 其他資料庫物件
      • 5.13. 相依性追蹤
    • 6. 資料處理
      • 6.1. 新增資料
      • 6.2. 更新資料
      • 6.3. 刪除資料
      • 6.4. 修改並回傳資料
    • 7. 資料查詢
      • 7.1. 概觀
      • 7.2. 資料表表示式
      • 7.3. 取得資料列表
      • 7.4. 合併查詢結果
      • 7.5. 資料排序
      • 7.6. 指定資料範圍
      • 7.7. 列舉資料
      • 7.8. 遞迴查詢(Common Table Expressions)
    • 8. 資料型別
      • 8.1. 數字型別
      • 8.2. 貨幣型別
      • 8.3. 字串型別
      • 8.4. 位元組型別(bytea)
      • 8.5. 日期時間型別
      • 8.6. 布林型別
      • 8.7. 列舉型別
      • 8.8. 地理資訊型別
      • 8.9. 網路資訊型別
      • 8.10. 位元字串型別
      • 8.11. 全文檢索型別
      • 8.12. UUID型別
      • 8.13. XML型別
      • 8.14. JSON型別
      • 8.15. 陣列
      • 8.16. 複合型別
      • 8.17. 範圍型別
      • 8.18. 指標型別
      • 8.19. pg_lsn型別
      • 8.20. 概念型別
    • 9. 函式及運算子
      • 9.1. 邏輯運算子
      • 9.2. 比較函式及運算子
      • 9.3. 數學函式及運算子
      • 9.4. 字串函式及運算子
      • 9.5. 位元字串函式及運算子
      • 9.6. 二元字串函式及運算子
      • 9.7. 特徵比對
      • 9.8. 型別轉換函式
      • 9.9 日期時間函式及運算子
      • 9.10. 列舉型別函式
      • 9.11. 地理資訊函式及運算子
      • 9.12. 網路位址函式及運算子
      • 9.13. 文字檢索函式及運算子
      • 9.14. XML函式
      • 9.15. JSON函式及運算子
      • 9.16. 序列函式
      • 9.17. 條件表示式
      • 9.18. 陣列函式及運算子
      • 9.19. 範圍函式及運算子
      • 9.20. 彙總函數
      • 9.21. Window函式
      • 9.22. 子查詢
      • 9.23. 資料列與陣列的比較運算
      • 9.24. 集合回傳函式
      • 9.25. 系統資訊函數
      • 9.26. 系統管理函式
      • 9.27. 觸發函式
      • 9.28. 事件觸發函式
    • 10. 型別轉換
      • 10.1. 概觀
      • 10.2. 運算子
      • 10.3. 函式
      • 10.4. 資料儲存轉換規則
      • 10.5. UNION、CASE 等相關結構
      • 10.6. SELECT輸出規則
    • 11. 索引(Index)
      • 11.1. 簡介
      • 11.2. 索引型別
      • 11.3. 多欄位索引
      • 11.4. 索引與ORDER BY
      • 11.5. 善用多個索引
      • 11.6. 唯一值索引
      • 11.7. 表示式索引
      • 11.8. 部份索引(partial index)
      • 11.9. 運算子物件及家族
      • 11.10. 索引與排序規則
      • 11.11. 索引限定查詢(Index-only scan)
      • 11.12. 檢查索引運用
    • 12. 全文檢索
      • 12.1. 簡介
      • 12.2. 查詢與索引
      • 12.3. 細部控制
      • 12.4. 延伸功能
      • 12.5. 斷詞
      • 12.6. 字典
      • 12.7. 組態範例
      • 12.8. 測試與除錯
      • 12.9. GIN及GiST索引型別
      • 12.10. psql支援
      • 12.11. 功能限制
    • 13. 一致性管理(MVCC)
      • 13.1. 簡介
      • 13.2. 交易隔離
      • 13.3. 鎖定模式
      • 13.4. 在應用端檢視資料一致性
      • 13.5. 特別注意
      • 13.6. 鎖定與索引
    • 14. 效能技巧
      • 14.1. 善用EXPLAIN
      • 14.2. 統計資訊
      • 14.3. 使用確切的JOIN方式
      • 14.4. 快速建立資料庫內容
      • 14.5. 彈性設定
    • 15. 平行查詢
      • 15.1. 如何運作?
      • 15.2. 啓用時機?
      • 15.3. 平行查詢計畫
      • 15.4. 平行查詢的安全性
  • III. 系統管理
    • 16. 用原始碼安裝
      • 16.1. Short Version
      • 16.2. Requirements
      • 16.3. Getting The Source
      • 16.4. 安裝流程
      • 16.5. Post-Installation Setup
      • 16.6. Supported Platforms
      • 16.7. 平台相關的注意事項
    • 17. 用原始碼在 Windows 上安裝
      • 17.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Microsoft Windows SDK
    • 18. 服務配置與維運
      • 18.1. PostgreSQL 使用者帳號
      • 18.2. Creating a Database Cluster
      • 18.3. Starting the Database Server
      • 18.4. 核心資源管理
      • 18.5. Shutting Down the Server
      • 18.6. Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster
      • 18.7. Preventing Server Spoofing
      • 18.8. Encryption Options
      • 18.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL
      • 18.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
      • 18.11. 在 Windows 註冊事件日誌
    • 19. 服務組態設定
      • 19.1. Setting Parameters
      • 19.2. File Locations
      • 19.3. 連線與認證
      • 19.4. 資源配置
      • 19.5. Write Ahead Log
      • 19.6. 複寫(Replication)
      • 19.7. 查詢規畫
      • 19.8. 錯誤回報與日誌記錄
      • 19.9. Run-time Statistics
      • 19.10. 自動資料庫清理
      • 19.11. 用戶端連線預設參數
      • 19.12. 交易鎖定管理
      • 19.13. 版本與平台的相容性
      • 19.14. Error Handling
      • 19.15. 預先配置的參數
      • 19.16. Customized Options
      • 19.17. Developer Options
      • 19.18. Short Options
    • 20. 使用者認證
      • 20.1. 設定檔:pg_hba.conf
      • 20.2. User Name Maps
      • 20.3. Authentication Methods
      • 20.4. Authentication Problems
    • 21. 資料庫角色
      • 21.1. Database Roles
      • 21.2. Role Attributes
      • 21.3. Role Membership
      • 21.4. 移除角色
      • 21.5. Default Roles
      • 21.6. Function Security
    • 22. Managing Databases
      • 22.1. Overview
      • 22.2. Creating a Database
      • 22.3. 樣版資料庫
      • 22.4. Database Configuration
      • 22.5. Destroying a Database
      • 22.6. Tablespaces
    • 23. 語系
      • 23.1. 語系支援
      • 23.2. Collation Support
      • 23.3. 字元集支援
    • 24. 例行性資料庫維護工作
      • 24.1. 例行性資料清理
      • 24.2. 定期重建索引
      • 24.3. Log File Maintenance
    • 25. 備份及還原
      • 25.1. SQL Dump
      • 25.2. File System Level Backup
      • 25.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
    • 26. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
      • 26.1. Comparison of Different Solutions
      • 26.2. 日誌轉送備用伺服器 Log-Shipping Standby Servers
      • 26.3. Failover
      • 26.4. Alternative Method for Log Shipping
      • 26.5. Hot Standby
    • 27. Recovery Configuration
      • 27.1. Archive Recovery Settings
      • 27.2. Recovery Target Settings
      • 27.3. Standby Server Settings
    • 28. 監控資料庫活動
      • 28.1. Standard Unix Tools
      • 28.2. 統計資訊收集器
      • 28.3. Viewing Locks
      • 28.4. Progress Reporting
      • 28.5. Dynamic Tracing
    • 29. Monitoring Disk Usage
      • 29.1. Determining Disk Usage
      • 29.2. Disk Full Failure
    • 30. 高可靠度及預寫日誌
      • 30.1. Reliability
      • 30.2. Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)
      • 30.3. Asynchronous Commit
      • 30.4. WAL Configuration
      • 30.5. WAL Internals
    • 31. 邏輯複寫(Logical Replication)
      • 31.1. 發佈(Publication)
      • 31.2. 訂閱(Subscription)
      • 31.3. 衝突處理
      • 31.4. 限制
      • 31.5. 架構
      • 31.6. 監控
      • 31.7. 安全性
      • 31.8. 系統設定
      • 31.9. 快速設定
    • 32. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
      • 32.1. What is JIT compilation?
      • 32.2. When to JIT?
      • 32.3. Configuration
      • 32.4. Extensibility
    • 33. 迴歸測試
      • 33.1. Running the Tests
      • 33.2. Test Evaluation
      • 33.3. Variant Comparison Files
      • 33.4. TAP Tests
      • 33.5. Test Coverage Examination
  • IV. 用戶端介面
    • 34. libpq - C Library
      • 34.1. 資料庫連線控制函數
      • 34.2. 連線狀態函數
      • 34.3. Command Execution Functions
      • 34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing
      • 34.5. Retrieving Query Results Row-By-Row
      • 34.6. Canceling Queries in Progress
      • 34.7. The Fast-Path Interface
      • 34.8. Asynchronous Notification
      • 34.9. Functions Associated with the COPY Command
      • 34.10. Control Functions
      • 34.11. Miscellaneous Functions
      • 34.12. Notice Processing
      • 34.13. Event System
      • 34.14. 環境變數
      • 34.15. 密碼檔
      • 34.16. The Connection Service File
      • 34.17. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
      • 34.18. SSL Support
      • 34.19. Behavior in Threaded Programs
      • 34.20. Building libpq Programs
      • 34.21. Example Programs
    • 35. Large Objects
      • 35.1. Introduction
      • 35.2. Implementation Features
      • 35.3. Client Interfaces
      • 35.4. Server-side Functions
      • 35.5. Example Program
    • 36. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C
      • 36.1. The Concept
      • 36.2. Managing Database Connections
      • 36.3. Running SQL Commands
      • 36.4. Using Host Variables
      • 36.5. Dynamic SQL
      • 36.6. pgtypes Library
      • 36.7. Using Descriptor Areas
      • 36.8. Error Handling
      • 36.9. Preprocessor Directives
      • 36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs
      • 36.11. Library Functions
      • 36.12. Large Objects
      • 36.13. C++ Applications
      • 36.14. Embedded SQL Commands
      • 36.15. Informix Compatibility Mode
      • 36.16. Internals
    • 37. The Information Schema
      • 37.1. The Schema
      • 37.2. Data Types
      • 37.3. information_schema_catalog_name
      • 37.4. administrable_role_authorizations
      • 37.5. applicable_roles
      • 37.6. attributes
      • 37.7. character_sets
      • 37.8. check_constraint_routine_usage
      • 37.9. check_constraints
      • 37.10. collations
      • 37.11. collation_character_set_applicability
      • 37.12. column_domain_usage
      • 37.13. column_options
      • 37.14. column_privileges
      • 37.15. column_udt_usage
      • 37.16. columns
      • 37.17. constraint_column_usage
      • 37.18. constraint_table_usage
      • 37.19. data_type_privileges
      • 37.20. domain_constraints
      • 37.21. domain_udt_usage
      • 37.22. domains
      • 37.23. element_types
      • 37.24. enabled_roles
      • 37.25. foreign_data_wrapper_options
      • 37.26. foreign_data_wrappers
      • 37.27. foreign_server_options
      • 37.28. foreign_servers
      • 37.29. foreign_table_options
      • 37.30. foreign_tables
      • 37.31. key_column_usage
      • 37.32. parameters
      • 37.33. referential_constraints
      • 37.34. role_column_grants
      • 37.35. role_routine_grants
      • 37.36. role_table_grants
      • 37.37. role_udt_grants
      • 37.38. role_usage_grants
      • 37.39. routine_privileges
      • 37.40. routines
      • 37.41. schemata
      • 37.42. sequences
      • 37.43. sql_features
      • 37.44. sql_implementation_info
      • 37.45. sql_languages
      • 37.46. sql_packages
      • 37.47. sql_parts
      • 37.48. sql_sizing
      • 37.49. sql_sizing_profiles
      • 37.50. table_constraints
      • 37.51. table_privileges
      • 37.52. tables
      • 37.53. transforms
      • 37.54. triggered_update_columns
      • 37.55. triggers
      • 37.56. udt_privileges
      • 37.57. usage_privileges
      • 37.58. user_defined_types
      • 37.59. user_mapping_options
      • 37.60. user_mappings
      • 37.61. view_column_usage
      • 37.62. view_routine_usage
      • 37.63. view_table_usage
      • 37.64. views
  • V. 資料庫程式設計
    • 38. SQL 延伸功能
      • 38.1. How Extensibility Works
      • 38.2. The PostgreSQL Type System
      • 38.3. 使用者自訂函數
      • 38.4. User-defined Procedures
      • 38.5. Query Language (SQL) Functions
      • 38.6. Function Overloading
      • 38.7. 函數易變性類別
      • 38.8. Procedural Language Functions
      • 38.9. Internal Functions
      • 38.10. C-Language Functions
      • 38.11. User-defined Aggregates
      • 38.12. User-defined Types
      • 38.13. User-defined Operators
      • 38.14. Operator Optimization Information
      • 38.15. Interfacing Extensions To Indexes
      • 38.16. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension
      • 38.17. Extension Building Infrastructure
    • 39. Triggers
    • 40. Event Triggers
    • 41. 規則系統
      • 41.1. The Query Tree
      • 41.2. Views and the Rule System
      • 41.3. Materialized Views
      • 41.4. Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
      • 41.5. 規則及權限
      • 41.6. Rules and Command Status
      • 41.7. Rules Versus Triggers
    • 42. Procedural Languages(程序語言)
      • 42.1. Installing Procedural Languages
    • 43. PL/pgSQL - SQL Procedural Language
      • 43.5. 基本語法
    • 44. PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language
    • 45. PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language
    • 46. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language
    • 47. Server Programming Interface
    • 48. Background Worker Processes
    • 49. Logical Decoding
    • 50. Replication Progress Tracking
  • VI. 參考資訊
    • I. SQL 指令
      • ALTER DATABASE
      • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
      • ALTER EXTENSION
      • ALTER FUNCTION
      • ALTER INDEX
      • ALTER LANGUAGE
      • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
      • ALTER POLICY
      • ALTER PUBLICATION
      • ALTER ROLE
      • ALTER RULE
      • ALTER SCHEMA
      • ALTER SEQUENCE
      • ALTER STATISTICS
      • ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
      • ALTER TABLE
      • ALTER TABLESPACE
      • ALTER TRIGGER
      • ALTER TYPE
      • ALTER VIEW
      • ANALYZE
      • CLUSTER
      • COMMENT
      • COPY
      • CREATE CAST
      • CREATE DATABASE
      • CREATE EXTENSION
      • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
      • CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
      • CREATE FUNCTION
      • CREATE INDEX
      • CREATE LANGUAGE
      • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
      • CREATE DOMAIN
      • CREATE POLICY
      • CREATE PROCEDURE
      • CREATE PUBLICATION
      • CREATE ROLE
      • CREATE RULE
      • CREATE SCHEMA
      • CREATE SEQUENCE
      • CREATE SERVER
      • CREATE STATISTICS
      • CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
      • CREATE TABLE
      • CREATE TABLE AS
      • CREATE TABLESPACE
      • CREATE TRANSFORM
      • CREATE TRIGGER
      • CREATE TYPE
      • CREATE USER
      • CREATE USER MAPPING
      • CREATE VIEW
      • DELETE
      • DO
      • DROP DATABASE
      • DROP EXTENSION
      • DROP FUNCTION
      • DROP INDEX
      • DROP LANGUAGE
      • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
      • DROP OWNED
      • DROP POLICY
      • DROP ROLE
      • DROP RULE
      • DROP SCHEMA
      • DROP SEQUENCE
      • DROP STATISTICS
      • DROP SUBSCRIPTION
      • DROP TABLE
      • DROP TABLESPACE
      • DROP TRANSFORM
      • DROP TRIGGER
      • DROP TYPE
      • DROP USER
      • DROP VIEW
      • EXECUTE
      • EXPLAIN
      • GRANT
      • IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
      • INSERT
      • LISTEN
      • LOAD
      • NOTIFY
      • PREPARE TRANSACTION
      • REASSIGN OWNED
      • REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
      • REINDEX
      • RESET
      • REVOKE
      • SELECT
      • SELECT INTO
      • SET
      • SET CONSTRAINTS
      • SET ROLE
      • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
      • SET TRANSACTION
      • SHOW
      • TRUNCATE
      • UNLISTEN
      • UPDATE
      • VACUUM
      • VALUES
    • II. PostgreSQL 用戶端工具
      • createdb
      • createuser
      • dropdb
      • dropuser
      • pgbench
      • pg_dump
      • psql
      • vacuumdb
    • III. PostgreSQL 伺服器應用程式
      • pg_test_timing
      • postgres
  • VII. 資料庫進階
    • 52. 系統目錄
      • 52.3. pg_am
      • 52.7. pg_attribute
      • 52.8. pg_authid
      • 52.9. pg_auth_members
      • 52.11 pg_class
      • 52.12. pg_collation
      • 52.13. pg_constraint
      • 52.15 pg_database
      • 52.26 pg_index
      • 52.29. pg_language
      • 52.32. pg_namespace
      • 52.33. pg_opclass
      • 52.38. pg_policy
      • 52.39. pg_proc
      • 52.44. pg_rewrite
      • 52.50. pg_statistic
      • 52.51. pg_statistic_ext
      • 52.54. pg_tablespace
      • 52.56. pg_trigger
      • 52.62. pg_type
      • 52.79. pg_replication_origin_status
      • 52.81 pg_roles
      • 52.85. pg_settings
      • 52.87. pg_stats
    • 53. Frontend/Backend Protocol
      • 53.1. Overview
      • 53.2. Message Flow
      • 53.3. SASL Authentication
      • 53.4. Streaming Replication Protocol
      • 53.5. Logical Streaming Replication Protocol
      • 53.6. Message Data Types
      • 53.7. Message Formats
      • 53.8. Error and Notice Message Fields
      • 53.9. Logical Replication Message Formats
      • 53.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0
    • 54. PostgreSQL 程式撰寫慣例
      • 54.1. Formatting
      • 54.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
      • 54.3. Error Message Style Guide
      • 54.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions
    • 56. Writing A Procedural Language Handler
    • 64. GiST Indexes
      • 64.1. Introduction
      • 64.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      • 64.3. Extensibility
      • 64.4. Implementation
      • 64.5. Examples
    • 65. SP-GiST Indexes
      • 65.1. Introduction
      • 65.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      • 65.3. Extensibility
      • 65.4. Implementation
      • 65.5. Examples
    • 66. GIN 索引
      • 66.1. 簡介
      • 66.2. 內建運算子類
      • 66.3. Extensibility
      • 66.4. Implementation
      • 66.5. GIN Tips and Tricks
      • 66.6. Limitations
      • 66.7. Examples
    • 67. BRIN Indexes
      • 67.1. Introduction
      • 67.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      • 67.3. Extensibility
    • 68. 資料庫實體儲存格式
      • 68.2. TOAST
      • 68.4 可視性映射表(Visibility Map)
    • 70. How the Planner Uses Statistics
      • 70.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples
  • VIII. 附錄
    • A. PostgreSQL錯誤代碼
    • B. 日期時間格式支援
      • B.1. 日期時間解譯流程
      • B.2. 日期時間慣用字
      • B.3. 日期時間設定檔
      • B.4. 日期時間的沿革
    • C. SQL 關鍵字
    • D. SQL 相容性
    • E. 版本資訊
    • F. 延伸支援模組
      • F.4. auto_explain
      • F.11. dblink
        • dblink
      • F.33. pg_visibility
    • G. Additional Supplied Programs
      • G.1. Client Applications
        • oid2name
        • vacuumlo
      • G.2. Server Applications
        • pg_standby
    • H. 外部專案
      • H.1. 用戶端介面
      • H.2. Administration Tools
      • H.3. Procedural Languages
      • H.4. Extensions
    • I. The Source Code Repository
      • I.1. Getting The Source via Git
    • J. 文件取得
    • K. 縮寫字
  • 參考書目
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  1. II. SQL查詢語言
  2. 9. 函式及運算子

9.8. 型別轉換函式

Previous9.7. 特徵比對Next9.9 日期時間函式及運算子

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ThePostgreSQLformatting functions provide a powerful set of tools for converting various data types (date/time, integer, floating point, numeric) to formatted strings and for converting from formatted strings to specific data types.lists them. These functions all follow a common calling convention: the first argument is the value to be formatted and the second argument is a template that defines the output or input format.

Table 9.23. Formatting Functions

Function

Return Type

Description

Example

to_char(timestamp,text)

text

convert time stamp to string

to_char(current_timestamp, 'HH12:MI:SS')

to_char(interval,text)

text

convert interval to string

to_char(interval '15h 2m 12s', 'HH24:MI:SS')

to_char(int,text)

text

convert integer to string

to_char(125, '999')

to_char(double precision,text)

text

convert real/double precision to string

to_char(125.8::real, '999D9')

to_char(numeric,text)

text

convert numeric to string

to_char(-125.8, '999D99S')

to_date(text,text)

date

convert string to date

to_date('05 Dec 2000', 'DD Mon YYYY')

to_number(text,text)

numeric

convert string to numeric

to_number('12,454.8-', '99G999D9S')

to_timestamp(text,text)

timestamp with time zone

convert string to time stamp

to_timestamp('05 Dec 2000', 'DD Mon YYYY')

Note

There is also a single-argumentto_timestampfunction; see.

Tip

to_timestampandto_dateexist to handle input formats that cannot be converted by simple casting. For most standard date/time formats, simply casting the source string to the required data type works, and is much easier. Similarly,to_numberis unnecessary for standard numeric representations.

In ato_charoutput template string, there are certain patterns that are recognized and replaced with appropriately-formatted data based on the given value. Any text that is not a template pattern is simply copied verbatim. Similarly, in an input template string (for the other functions), template patterns identify the values to be supplied by the input data string.

shows the template patterns available for formatting date and time values.

Table 9.24. Template Patterns for Date/Time Formatting

Pattern

Description

HH

hour of day (01-12)

HH12

hour of day (01-12)

HH24

hour of day (00-23)

MI

minute (00-59)

SS

second (00-59)

MS

millisecond (000-999)

US

microsecond (000000-999999)

SSSS

seconds past midnight (0-86399)

AM,am,PMorpm

meridiem indicator (without periods)

A.M.,a.m.,P.M.orp.m.

meridiem indicator (with periods)

Y,YYY

year (4 or more digits) with comma

YYYY

year (4 or more digits)

YYY

last 3 digits of year

YY

last 2 digits of year

Y

last digit of year

IYYY

ISO 8601 week-numbering year (4 or more digits)

IYY

last 3 digits of ISO 8601 week-numbering year

IY

last 2 digits of ISO 8601 week-numbering year

I

last digit of ISO 8601 week-numbering year

BC,bc,ADorad

era indicator (without periods)

B.C.,b.c.,A.D.ora.d.

era indicator (with periods)

MONTH

full upper case month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)

Month

full capitalized month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)

month

full lower case month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)

MON

abbreviated upper case month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)

Mon

abbreviated capitalized month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)

mon

abbreviated lower case month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)

MM

month number (01-12)

DAY

full upper case day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)

Day

full capitalized day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)

day

full lower case day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)

DY

abbreviated upper case day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)

Dy

abbreviated capitalized day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)

dy

abbreviated lower case day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)

DDD

day of year (001-366)

IDDD

day of ISO 8601 week-numbering year (001-371; day 1 of the year is Monday of the first ISO week)

DD

day of month (01-31)

D

day of the week, Sunday (1) to Saturday (7)

ID

ISO 8601 day of the week, Monday (1) to Sunday (7)

W

week of month (1-5) (the first week starts on the first day of the month)

WW

week number of year (1-53) (the first week starts on the first day of the year)

IW

week number of ISO 8601 week-numbering year (01-53; the first Thursday of the year is in week 1)

CC

century (2 digits) (the twenty-first century starts on 2001-01-01)

J

Julian Day (integer days since November 24, 4714 BC at midnight UTC)

Q

quarter

RM

month in upper case Roman numerals (I-XII; I=January)

rm

month in lower case Roman numerals (i-xii; i=January)

TZ

upper case time-zone abbreviation (only supported into_char)

tz

lower case time-zone abbreviation (only supported into_char)

OF

time-zone offset from UTC (only supported into_char)

Table 9.25. Template Pattern Modifiers for Date/Time Formatting

Modifier

Description

Example

FMprefix

fill mode (suppress leading zeroes and padding blanks)

FMMonth

THsuffix

upper case ordinal number suffix

DDTH, e.g.,12TH

thsuffix

lower case ordinal number suffix

DDth, e.g.,12th

FXprefix

fixed format global option (see usage notes)

FX Month DD Day

TMprefix

TMMonth

SPsuffix

spell mode (not implemented)

DDSP

Usage notes for date/time formatting:

  • FMsuppresses leading zeroes and trailing blanks that would otherwise be added to make the output of a pattern be fixed-width. InPostgreSQL,FMmodifies only the next specification, while in OracleFMaffects all subsequent specifications, and repeatedFMmodifiers toggle fill mode on and off.

  • TMdoes not include trailing blanks.to_timestampandto_dateignore theTMmodifier.

  • to_timestampandto_dateskip multiple blank spaces in the input string unless theFXoption is used. For example,to_timestamp('2000 JUN', 'YYYY MON')works, butto_timestamp('2000 JUN', 'FXYYYY MON')returns an error becauseto_timestampexpects one space only.FXmust be specified as the first item in the template.

  • Ordinary text is allowed into_chartemplates and will be output literally. You can put a substring in double quotes to force it to be interpreted as literal text even if it contains pattern key words. For example, in'"Hello Year "YYYY', theYYYYwill be replaced by the year data, but the singleYinYearwill not be. Into_date,to_number, andto_timestamp, double-quoted strings skip the number of input characters contained in the string, e.g."XX"skips two input characters.

  • If you want to have a double quote in the output you must precede it with a backslash, for example'\"YYYY Month\"'.

  • Into_timestampandto_date, if the year format specification is less than four digits, e.g.YYY, and the supplied year is less than four digits, the year will be adjusted to be nearest to the year 2020, e.g.95becomes 1995.

  • Into_timestampandto_date, theYYYYconversion has a restriction when processing years with more than 4 digits. You must use some non-digit character or template afterYYYY, otherwise the year is always interpreted as 4 digits. For example (with the year 20000):to_date('200001131', 'YYYYMMDD')will be interpreted as a 4-digit year; instead use a non-digit separator after the year, liketo_date('20000-1131', 'YYYY-MMDD')orto_date('20000Nov31', 'YYYYMonDD').

  • Into_timestampandto_date, theCC(century) field is accepted but ignored if there is aYYY,YYYYorY,YYYfield. IfCCis used withYYorYthen the result is computed as that year in the specified century. If the century is specified but the year is not, the first year of the century is assumed.

  • Into_timestampandto_date, weekday names or numbers (DAY,D, and related field types) are accepted but are ignored for purposes of computing the result. The same is true for quarter (Q) fields.

  • Into_timestampandto_date, an ISO 8601 week-numbering date (as distinct from a Gregorian date) can be specified in one of two ways:

    • Year, week number, and weekday: for exampleto_date('2006-42-4', 'IYYY-IW-ID')returns the date2006-10-19. If you omit the weekday it is assumed to be 1 (Monday).

    • Year and day of year: for exampleto_date('2006-291', 'IYYY-IDDD')also returns2006-10-19.

    Attempting to enter a date using a mixture of ISO 8601 week-numbering fields and Gregorian date fields is nonsensical, and will cause an error. In the context of an ISO 8601 week-numbering year, the concept of a“month”or“day of month”has no meaning. In the context of a Gregorian year, the ISO week has no meaning.

    Caution

  • Into_timestamp, millisecond (MS) or microsecond (US) fields are used as the seconds digits after the decimal point. For exampleto_timestamp('12.3', 'SS.MS')is not 3 milliseconds, but 300, because the conversion treats it as 12 + 0.3 seconds. So, for the formatSS.MS, the input values12.3,12.30, and12.300specify the same number of milliseconds. To get three milliseconds, one must write12.003, which the conversion treats as 12 + 0.003 = 12.003 seconds.

    Here is a more complex example:to_timestamp('15:12:02.020.001230', 'HH24:MI:SS.MS.US')is 15 hours, 12 minutes, and 2 seconds + 20 milliseconds + 1230 microseconds = 2.021230 seconds.

  • to_char(..., 'ID')'s day of the week numbering matches theextract(isodow from ...)function, butto_char(..., 'D')'s does not matchextract(dow from ...)'s day numbering.

  • to_char(interval)formatsHHandHH12as shown on a 12-hour clock, for example zero hours and 36 hours both output as12, whileHH24outputs the full hour value, which can exceed 23 in anintervalvalue.

Table 9.26. Template Patterns for Numeric Formatting

Pattern

Description

9

value with the specified number of digits

0

value with leading zeros

.(period)

decimal point

,(comma)

group (thousand) separator

PR

negative value in angle brackets

S

sign anchored to number (uses locale)

L

currency symbol (uses locale)

D

decimal point (uses locale)

G

group separator (uses locale)

MI

minus sign in specified position (if number < 0)

PL

plus sign in specified position (if number > 0)

SG

plus/minus sign in specified position

RN

Roman numeral (input between 1 and 3999)

THorth

ordinal number suffix

V

shift specified number of digits (see notes)

EEEE

exponent for scientific notation

Usage notes for numeric formatting:

  • A sign formatted usingSG,PL, orMIis not anchored to the number; for example,to_char(-12, 'MI9999')produces'- 12'butto_char(-12, 'S9999')produces' -12'. The Oracle implementation does not allow the use ofMIbefore9, but rather requires that9precedeMI.

  • 9results in a value with the same number of digits as there are9s. If a digit is not available it outputs a space.

  • THdoes not convert values less than zero and does not convert fractional numbers.

  • PL,SG, andTHarePostgreSQLextensions.

  • Vwithto_charmultiplies the input values by10^n, where_n_is the number of digits followingV.Vwithto_numberdivides in a similar manner.to_charandto_numberdo not support the use ofVcombined with a decimal point (e.g.,99.9V99is not allowed).

  • EEEE(scientific notation) cannot be used in combination with any of the other formatting patterns or modifiers other than digit and decimal point patterns, and must be at the end of the format string (e.g.,9.99EEEEis a valid pattern).

Table 9.27. Template Pattern Modifiers for Numeric Formatting

Modifier

Description

Example

FMprefix

fill mode (suppress leading zeroes and padding blanks)

FM9999

THsuffix

upper case ordinal number suffix

999TH

thsuffix

lower case ordinal number suffix

999th

Table 9.28. to_charExamples

Expression

Result

to_char(current_timestamp, 'Day, DD HH12:MI:SS')

'Tuesday , 06 05:39:18'

to_char(current_timestamp, 'FMDay, FMDD HH12:MI:SS')

'Tuesday, 6 05:39:18'

to_char(-0.1, '99.99')

' -.10'

to_char(-0.1, 'FM9.99')

'-.1'

to_char(0.1, '0.9')

' 0.1'

to_char(12, '9990999.9')

' 0012.0'

to_char(12, 'FM9990999.9')

'0012.'

to_char(485, '999')

' 485'

to_char(-485, '999')

'-485'

to_char(485, '9 9 9')

' 4 8 5'

to_char(1485, '9,999')

' 1,485'

to_char(1485, '9G999')

' 1 485'

to_char(148.5, '999.999')

' 148.500'

to_char(148.5, 'FM999.999')

'148.5'

to_char(148.5, 'FM999.990')

'148.500'

to_char(148.5, '999D999')

' 148,500'

to_char(3148.5, '9G999D999')

' 3 148,500'

to_char(-485, '999S')

'485-'

to_char(-485, '999MI')

'485-'

to_char(485, '999MI')

'485 '

to_char(485, 'FM999MI')

'485'

to_char(485, 'PL999')

'+485'

to_char(485, 'SG999')

'+485'

to_char(-485, 'SG999')

'-485'

to_char(-485, '9SG99')

'4-85'

to_char(-485, '999PR')

'<485>'

to_char(485, 'L999')

'DM 485'

to_char(485, 'RN')

' CDLXXXV'

to_char(485, 'FMRN')

'CDLXXXV'

to_char(5.2, 'FMRN')

'V'

to_char(482, '999th')

' 482nd'

to_char(485, '"Good number:"999')

'Good number: 485'

to_char(485.8, '"Pre:"999" Post:" .999')

'Pre: 485 Post: .800'

to_char(12, '99V999')

' 12000'

to_char(12.4, '99V999')

' 12400'

to_char(12.45, '99V9')

' 125'

to_char(0.0004859, '9.99EEEE')

' 4.86e-04'

Modifiers can be applied to any template pattern to alter its behavior. For example,FMMonthis theMonthpattern with theFMmodifier.shows the modifier patterns for date/time formatting.

translation mode (print localized day and month names based on)

Whileto_datewill reject a mixture of Gregorian and ISO week-numbering date fields,to_charwill not, since output format specifications likeYYYY-MM-DD (IYYY-IDDD)can be useful. But avoid writing something likeIYYY-MM-DD; that would yield surprising results near the start of the year. (Seefor more information.)

shows the template patterns available for formatting numeric values.

Certain modifiers can be applied to any template pattern to alter its behavior. For example,FM9999is the9999pattern with theFMmodifier.shows the modifier patterns for numeric formatting.

shows some examples of the use of theto_charfunction.

Table 9.23
Table 9.30
Table 9.24
Table 9.25
Section 9.9.1
Table 9.26
Table 9.27
Table 9.28
lc_time