9.8. 型別轉換函式

ThePostgreSQLformatting functions provide a powerful set of tools for converting various data types (date/time, integer, floating point, numeric) to formatted strings and for converting from formatted strings to specific data types.Table 9.23lists them. These functions all follow a common calling convention: the first argument is the value to be formatted and the second argument is a template that defines the output or input format.

Table 9.23. Formatting Functions

Function	Return Type	Description	Example
to_char(timestamp,text)	text	convert time stamp to string	to_char(current_timestamp, 'HH12:MI:SS')
to_char(interval,text)	text	convert interval to string	to_char(interval '15h 2m 12s', 'HH24:MI:SS')
to_char(int,text)	text	convert integer to string	to_char(125, '999')
to_char(double precision,text)	text	convert real/double precision to string	to_char(125.8::real, '999D9')
to_char(numeric,text)	text	convert numeric to string	to_char(-125.8, '999D99S')
to_date(text,text)	date	convert string to date	to_date('05 Dec 2000', 'DD Mon YYYY')
to_number(text,text)	numeric	convert string to numeric	to_number('12,454.8-', '99G999D9S')
to_timestamp(text,text)	timestamp with time zone	convert string to time stamp	to_timestamp('05 Dec 2000', 'DD Mon YYYY')

Note

There is also a single-argumentto_timestampfunction; seeTable 9.30.

Tip

to_timestampandto_dateexist to handle input formats that cannot be converted by simple casting. For most standard date/time formats, simply casting the source string to the required data type works, and is much easier. Similarly,to_numberis unnecessary for standard numeric representations.

In ato_charoutput template string, there are certain patterns that are recognized and replaced with appropriately-formatted data based on the given value. Any text that is not a template pattern is simply copied verbatim. Similarly, in an input template string (for the other functions), template patterns identify the values to be supplied by the input data string.

Table 9.24shows the template patterns available for formatting date and time values.

Table 9.24. Template Patterns for Date/Time Formatting

Pattern	Description
HH	hour of day (01-12)
HH12	hour of day (01-12)
HH24	hour of day (00-23)
MI	minute (00-59)
SS	second (00-59)
MS	millisecond (000-999)
US	microsecond (000000-999999)
SSSS	seconds past midnight (0-86399)
AM,am,PMorpm	meridiem indicator (without periods)
A.M.,a.m.,P.M.orp.m.	meridiem indicator (with periods)
Y,YYY	year (4 or more digits) with comma
YYYY	year (4 or more digits)
YYY	last 3 digits of year
YY	last 2 digits of year
Y	last digit of year
IYYY	ISO 8601 week-numbering year (4 or more digits)
IYY	last 3 digits of ISO 8601 week-numbering year
IY	last 2 digits of ISO 8601 week-numbering year
I	last digit of ISO 8601 week-numbering year
BC,bc,ADorad	era indicator (without periods)
B.C.,b.c.,A.D.ora.d.	era indicator (with periods)
MONTH	full upper case month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)
Month	full capitalized month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)
month	full lower case month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)
MON	abbreviated upper case month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)
Mon	abbreviated capitalized month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)
mon	abbreviated lower case month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)
MM	month number (01-12)
DAY	full upper case day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)
Day	full capitalized day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)
day	full lower case day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)
DY	abbreviated upper case day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)
Dy	abbreviated capitalized day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)
dy	abbreviated lower case day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)
DDD	day of year (001-366)
IDDD	day of ISO 8601 week-numbering year (001-371; day 1 of the year is Monday of the first ISO week)
DD	day of month (01-31)
D	day of the week, Sunday (1) to Saturday (7)
ID	ISO 8601 day of the week, Monday (1) to Sunday (7)
W	week of month (1-5) (the first week starts on the first day of the month)
WW	week number of year (1-53) (the first week starts on the first day of the year)
IW	week number of ISO 8601 week-numbering year (01-53; the first Thursday of the year is in week 1)
CC	century (2 digits) (the twenty-first century starts on 2001-01-01)
J	Julian Day (integer days since November 24, 4714 BC at midnight UTC)
Q	quarter
RM	month in upper case Roman numerals (I-XII; I=January)
rm	month in lower case Roman numerals (i-xii; i=January)
TZ	upper case time-zone abbreviation (only supported into_char)
tz	lower case time-zone abbreviation (only supported into_char)
OF	time-zone offset from UTC (only supported into_char)

Modifiers can be applied to any template pattern to alter its behavior. For example,FMMonthis theMonthpattern with theFMmodifier.Table 9.25shows the modifier patterns for date/time formatting.

Table 9.25. Template Pattern Modifiers for Date/Time Formatting

Modifier	Description	Example
FMprefix	fill mode (suppress leading zeroes and padding blanks)	FMMonth
THsuffix	upper case ordinal number suffix	DDTH, e.g.,12TH
thsuffix	lower case ordinal number suffix	DDth, e.g.,12th
FXprefix	fixed format global option (see usage notes)	FX Month DD Day
TMprefix	translation mode (print localized day and month names based onlc_time)	TMMonth
SPsuffix	spell mode (not implemented)	DDSP

Usage notes for date/time formatting:

• FMsuppresses leading zeroes and trailing blanks that would otherwise be added to make the output of a pattern be fixed-width. InPostgreSQL,FMmodifies only the next specification, while in OracleFMaffects all subsequent specifications, and repeatedFMmodifiers toggle fill mode on and off.

• TMdoes not include trailing blanks.to_timestampandto_dateignore theTMmodifier.

• to_timestampandto_dateskip multiple blank spaces in the input string unless theFXoption is used. For example,to_timestamp('2000 JUN', 'YYYY MON')works, butto_timestamp('2000 JUN', 'FXYYYY MON')returns an error becauseto_timestampexpects one space only.FXmust be specified as the first item in the template.

• Ordinary text is allowed into_chartemplates and will be output literally. You can put a substring in double quotes to force it to be interpreted as literal text even if it contains pattern key words. For example, in'"Hello Year "YYYY', theYYYYwill be replaced by the year data, but the singleYinYearwill not be. Into_date,to_number, andto_timestamp, double-quoted strings skip the number of input characters contained in the string, e.g."XX"skips two input characters.

• If you want to have a double quote in the output you must precede it with a backslash, for example'\"YYYY Month\"'.

• Into_timestampandto_date, if the year format specification is less than four digits, e.g.YYY, and the supplied year is less than four digits, the year will be adjusted to be nearest to the year 2020, e.g.95becomes 1995.

• Into_timestampandto_date, theYYYYconversion has a restriction when processing years with more than 4 digits. You must use some non-digit character or template afterYYYY, otherwise the year is always interpreted as 4 digits. For example (with the year 20000):to_date('200001131', 'YYYYMMDD')will be interpreted as a 4-digit year; instead use a non-digit separator after the year, liketo_date('20000-1131', 'YYYY-MMDD')orto_date('20000Nov31', 'YYYYMonDD').

• Into_timestampandto_date, theCC(century) field is accepted but ignored if there is aYYY,YYYYorY,YYYfield. IfCCis used withYYorYthen the result is computed as that year in the specified century. If the century is specified but the year is not, the first year of the century is assumed.

• Into_timestampandto_date, weekday names or numbers (DAY,D, and related field types) are accepted but are ignored for purposes of computing the result. The same is true for quarter (Q) fields.

• Into_timestampandto_date, an ISO 8601 week-numbering date (as distinct from a Gregorian date) can be specified in one of two ways:

  • Year, week number, and weekday: for exampleto_date('2006-42-4', 'IYYY-IW-ID')returns the date2006-10-19. If you omit the weekday it is assumed to be 1 (Monday).

  • Year and day of year: for exampleto_date('2006-291', 'IYYY-IDDD')also returns2006-10-19.

  Attempting to enter a date using a mixture of ISO 8601 week-numbering fields and Gregorian date fields is nonsensical, and will cause an error. In the context of an ISO 8601 week-numbering year, the concept of a“month”or“day of month”has no meaning. In the context of a Gregorian year, the ISO week has no meaning.

  Caution

  Whileto_datewill reject a mixture of Gregorian and ISO week-numbering date fields,to_charwill not, since output format specifications likeYYYY-MM-DD (IYYY-IDDD)can be useful. But avoid writing something likeIYYY-MM-DD; that would yield surprising results near the start of the year. (SeeSection 9.9.1for more information.)

• Into_timestamp, millisecond (MS) or microsecond (US) fields are used as the seconds digits after the decimal point. For exampleto_timestamp('12.3', 'SS.MS')is not 3 milliseconds, but 300, because the conversion treats it as 12 + 0.3 seconds. So, for the formatSS.MS, the input values12.3,12.30, and12.300specify the same number of milliseconds. To get three milliseconds, one must write12.003, which the conversion treats as 12 + 0.003 = 12.003 seconds.

  Here is a more complex example:to_timestamp('15:12:02.020.001230', 'HH24:MI:SS.MS.US')is 15 hours, 12 minutes, and 2 seconds + 20 milliseconds + 1230 microseconds = 2.021230 seconds.

• to_char(..., 'ID')'s day of the week numbering matches theextract(isodow from ...)function, butto_char(..., 'D')'s does not matchextract(dow from ...)'s day numbering.

• to_char(interval)formatsHHandHH12as shown on a 12-hour clock, for example zero hours and 36 hours both output as12, whileHH24outputs the full hour value, which can exceed 23 in anintervalvalue.

Table 9.26shows the template patterns available for formatting numeric values.

Table 9.26. Template Patterns for Numeric Formatting

Pattern	Description
9	value with the specified number of digits
0	value with leading zeros
.(period)	decimal point
,(comma)	group (thousand) separator
PR	negative value in angle brackets
S	sign anchored to number (uses locale)
L	currency symbol (uses locale)
D	decimal point (uses locale)
G	group separator (uses locale)
MI	minus sign in specified position (if number < 0)
PL	plus sign in specified position (if number > 0)
SG	plus/minus sign in specified position
RN	Roman numeral (input between 1 and 3999)
THorth	ordinal number suffix
V	shift specified number of digits (see notes)
EEEE	exponent for scientific notation

Usage notes for numeric formatting:

• A sign formatted usingSG,PL, orMIis not anchored to the number; for example,to_char(-12, 'MI9999')produces'- 12'butto_char(-12, 'S9999')produces' -12'. The Oracle implementation does not allow the use ofMIbefore9, but rather requires that9precedeMI.

• 9results in a value with the same number of digits as there are9s. If a digit is not available it outputs a space.

• THdoes not convert values less than zero and does not convert fractional numbers.

• PL,SG, andTHarePostgreSQLextensions.

• Vwithto_charmultiplies the input values by10^n, where_n_is the number of digits followingV.Vwithto_numberdivides in a similar manner.to_charandto_numberdo not support the use ofVcombined with a decimal point (e.g.,99.9V99is not allowed).

• EEEE(scientific notation) cannot be used in combination with any of the other formatting patterns or modifiers other than digit and decimal point patterns, and must be at the end of the format string (e.g.,9.99EEEEis a valid pattern).

Certain modifiers can be applied to any template pattern to alter its behavior. For example,FM9999is the9999pattern with theFMmodifier.Table 9.27shows the modifier patterns for numeric formatting.

Table 9.27. Template Pattern Modifiers for Numeric Formatting

Modifier	Description	Example
FMprefix	fill mode (suppress leading zeroes and padding blanks)	FM9999
THsuffix	upper case ordinal number suffix	999TH
thsuffix	lower case ordinal number suffix	999th

Table 9.28shows some examples of the use of theto_charfunction.

Table 9.28. to_charExamples

Expression	Result
to_char(current_timestamp, 'Day, DD HH12:MI:SS')	'Tuesday , 06 05:39:18'
to_char(current_timestamp, 'FMDay, FMDD HH12:MI:SS')	'Tuesday, 6 05:39:18'
to_char(-0.1, '99.99')	' -.10'
to_char(-0.1, 'FM9.99')	'-.1'
to_char(0.1, '0.9')	' 0.1'
to_char(12, '9990999.9')	' 0012.0'
to_char(12, 'FM9990999.9')	'0012.'
to_char(485, '999')	' 485'
to_char(-485, '999')	'-485'
to_char(485, '9 9 9')	' 4 8 5'
to_char(1485, '9,999')	' 1,485'
to_char(1485, '9G999')	' 1 485'
to_char(148.5, '999.999')	' 148.500'
to_char(148.5, 'FM999.999')	'148.5'
to_char(148.5, 'FM999.990')	'148.500'
to_char(148.5, '999D999')	' 148,500'
to_char(3148.5, '9G999D999')	' 3 148,500'
to_char(-485, '999S')	'485-'
to_char(-485, '999MI')	'485-'
to_char(485, '999MI')	'485 '
to_char(485, 'FM999MI')	'485'
to_char(485, 'PL999')	'+485'
to_char(485, 'SG999')	'+485'
to_char(-485, 'SG999')	'-485'
to_char(-485, '9SG99')	'4-85'
to_char(-485, '999PR')	'<485>'
to_char(485, 'L999')	'DM 485'
to_char(485, 'RN')	' CDLXXXV'
to_char(485, 'FMRN')	'CDLXXXV'
to_char(5.2, 'FMRN')	'V'
to_char(482, '999th')	' 482nd'
to_char(485, '"Good number:"999')	'Good number: 485'
to_char(485.8, '"Pre:"999" Post:" .999')	'Pre: 485 Post: .800'
to_char(12, '99V999')	' 12000'
to_char(12.4, '99V999')	' 12400'
to_char(12.45, '99V9')	' 125'
to_char(0.0004859, '9.99EEEE')	' 4.86e-04'