9.9 日期時間函式及運算子

Table 9-28 shows the available functions for date/time value processing, with details appearing in the following subsections. Table 9-27 illustrates the behaviors of the basic arithmetic operators (+, *, etc.). For formatting functions, refer to Section 9.8. You should be familiar with the background information on date/time data types from Section 8.5.

All the functions and operators described below that take time or timestamp inputs actually come in two variants: one that takes time with time zone or timestamp with time zone, and one that takes time without time zone or timestamp without time zone. For brevity, these variants are not shown separately. Also, the + and * operators come in commutative pairs (for example both date + integer and integer + date); we show only one of each such pair.

Table 9-27. Date/Time Operators

Operator	Example	Result
+	date '2001-09-28' + integer '7'	date '2001-10-05'
+	date '2001-09-28' + interval '1 hour'	timestamp '2001-09-28 01:00:00'
+	date '2001-09-28' + time '03:00'	timestamp '2001-09-28 03:00:00'
+	interval '1 day' + interval '1 hour'	interval '1 day 01:00:00'
+	timestamp '2001-09-28 01:00' + interval '23 hours'	timestamp '2001-09-29 00:00:00'
+	time '01:00' + interval '3 hours'	time '04:00:00'
-	- interval '23 hours'	interval '-23:00:00'
-	date '2001-10-01' - date '2001-09-28'	integer '3' (days)
-	date '2001-10-01' - integer '7'	date '2001-09-24'
-	date '2001-09-28' - interval '1 hour'	timestamp '2001-09-27 23:00:00'
-	time '05:00' - time '03:00'	interval '02:00:00'
-	time '05:00' - interval '2 hours'	time '03:00:00'
-	timestamp '2001-09-28 23:00' - interval '23 hours'	timestamp '2001-09-28 00:00:00'
-	interval '1 day' - interval '1 hour'	interval '1 day -01:00:00'
-	timestamp '2001-09-29 03:00' - timestamp '2001-09-27 12:00'	interval '1 day 15:00:00'
*	900 * interval '1 second'	interval '00:15:00'
*	21 * interval '1 day'	interval '21 days'
*	double precision '3.5' * interval '1 hour'	interval '03:30:00'
/	interval '1 hour' / double precision '1.5'	interval '00:40:00'

Table 9-28. Date/Time Functions

Function	Return Type	Description	Example	Result
age(timestamp, timestamp)	interval	參數間相減，產生一個使用年和月的帶有「符號」的結果，而不僅僅是幾天	age(timestamp '2001-04-10', timestamp '1957-06-13')	43 years 9 mons 27 days
age(timestamp)	interval	用 current_date 減去該日期（以午夜為準）	age(timestamp '1957-06-13')	43 years 8 mons 3 days
clock_timestamp()	timestamp with time zone	Current date and time (changes during statement execution); see Section 9.9.4
current_date	date	目前日期；詳見第 9.9.4 節
current_time	time with time zone	Current time of day; see Section 9.9.4
current_timestamp	timestamp with time zone	Current date and time (start of current transaction); seeSection 9.9.4
date_part(text, timestamp)	double precision	Get subfield (equivalent to extract); see Section 9.9.1	date_part('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')	20
date_part(text, interval)	double precision	Get subfield (equivalent to extract); see Section 9.9.1	date_part('month', interval '2 years 3 months')	3
date_trunc(text, timestamp)	timestamp	Truncate to specified precision; see also Section 9.9.2	date_trunc('hour', timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')	2001-02-16 20:00:00
date_trunc(text, interval)	interval	Truncate to specified precision; see also Section 9.9.2	date_trunc('hour', interval '2 days 3 hours 40 minutes')	2 days 03:00:00
extract(field from timestamp)	double precision	Get subfield; see Section 9.9.1	extract(hour from timestamp '2001-02-16 20:38:40')	20
extract(field from interval)	double precision	Get subfield; see Section 9.9.1	extract(month from interval '2 years 3 months')	3
isfinite(date)	boolean	Test for finite date (not +/-infinity)	isfinite(date '2001-02-16')	true
isfinite(timestamp)	boolean	Test for finite time stamp (not +/-infinity)	isfinite(timestamp '2001-02-16 21:28:30')	true
isfinite(interval)	boolean	Test for finite interval	isfinite(interval '4 hours')	true
justify_days(interval)	interval	Adjust interval so 30-day time periods are represented as months	justify_days(interval '35 days')	1 mon 5 days
justify_hours(interval)	interval	Adjust interval so 24-hour time periods are represented as days	justify_hours(interval '27 hours')	1 day 03:00:00
justify_interval(interval)	interval	Adjust interval using justify_days and justify_hours, with additional sign adjustments	justify_interval(interval '1 mon -1 hour')	29 days 23:00:00
localtime	time	Current time of day; see Section 9.9.4
localtimestamp	timestamp	Current date and time (start of current transaction); seeSection 9.9.4
make_date(year int, month int, day int)	date	Create date from year, month and day fields	make_date(2013, 7, 15)	2013-07-15
make_interval(years int DEFAULT 0, months int DEFAULT 0, weeksint DEFAULT 0, days int DEFAULT 0, hours int DEFAULT 0, mins intDEFAULT 0, secs double precision DEFAULT 0.0)	interval	Create interval from years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes and seconds fields	make_interval(days := 10)	10 days
make_time(hour int, min int, sec double precision)	time	Create time from hour, minute and seconds fields	make_time(8, 15, 23.5)	08:15:23.5
make_timestamp(year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int,sec double precision)	timestamp	Create timestamp from year, month, day, hour, minute and seconds fields	make_timestamp(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5)	2013-07-15 08:15:23.5
make_timestamptz(year int, month int, day int, hour int, min int,sec double precision, [ timezone text ])	timestamp with time zone	Create timestamp with time zone from year, month, day, hour, minute and seconds fields. When timezone is not specified, then current time zone is used.	make_timestamptz(2013, 7, 15, 8, 15, 23.5)	2013-07-15 08:15:23.5+01
now()	timestamp with time zone	Current date and time (start of current transaction); seeSection 9.9.4
statement_timestamp()	timestamp with time zone	Current date and time (start of current statement); seeSection 9.9.4
timeofday()	text	Current date and time (like clock_timestamp, but as a textstring); see Section 9.9.4
transaction_timestamp()	timestamp with time zone	Current date and time (start of current transaction); seeSection 9.9.4

In addition to these functions, the SQL OVERLAPS operator is supported:

(start1, end1) OVERLAPS (start2, end2)
(start1, length1) OVERLAPS (start2, length2)

This expression yields true when two time periods (defined by their endpoints) overlap, false when they do not overlap. The endpoints can be specified as pairs of dates, times, or time stamps; or as a date, time, or time stamp followed by an interval. When a pair of values is provided, either the start or the end can be written first; OVERLAPS automatically takes the earlier value of the pair as the start. Each time period is considered to represent the half-open interval start <= time < end, unless start and end are equal in which case it represents that single time instant. This means for instance that two time periods with only an endpoint in common do not overlap.

SELECT (DATE '2001-02-16', DATE '2001-12-21') OVERLAPS
       (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2002-10-30');
Result: true
SELECT (DATE '2001-02-16', INTERVAL '100 days') OVERLAPS
       (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2002-10-30');
Result: false
SELECT (DATE '2001-10-29', DATE '2001-10-30') OVERLAPS
       (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2001-10-31');
Result: false
SELECT (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2001-10-30') OVERLAPS
       (DATE '2001-10-30', DATE '2001-10-31');
Result: true

When adding an interval value to (or subtracting an interval value from) a timestamp with time zone value, the days component advances or decrements the date of the timestamp with time zone by the indicated number of days. Across daylight saving time changes (when the session time zone is set to a time zone that recognizes DST), this means interval '1 day' does not necessarily equal interval '24 hours'. For example, with the session time zone set to CST7CDT, timestamp with time zone '2005-04-02 12:00-07' + interval '1 day' will produce timestamp with time zone '2005-04-03 12:00-06', while adding interval '24 hours' to the same initial timestamp with time zone produces timestamp with time zone '2005-04-03 13:00-06', as there is a change in daylight saving time at 2005-04-03 02:00 in time zone CST7CDT.

Note there can be ambiguity in the months field returned by age because different months have different numbers of days. PostgreSQL's approach uses the month from the earlier of the two dates when calculating partial months. For example, age('2004-06-01', '2004-04-30') uses April to yield 1 mon 1 day, while using May would yield 1 mon 2 days because May has 31 days, while April has only 30.

Subtraction of dates and timestamps can also be complex. One conceptually simple way to perform subtraction is to convert each value to a number of seconds using EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM ...), then subtract the results; this produces the number of seconds between the two values. This will adjust for the number of days in each month, timezone changes, and daylight saving time adjustments. Subtraction of date or timestamp values with the "-" operator returns the number of days (24-hours) and hours/minutes/seconds between the values, making the same adjustments. The age function returns years, months, days, and hours/minutes/seconds, performing field-by-field subtraction and then adjusting for negative field values. The following queries illustrate the differences in these approaches. The sample results were produced with timezone = 'US/Eastern'; there is a daylight saving time change between the two dates used:

SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00') -
       EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00');
Result: 10537200
SELECT (EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00') -
        EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00'))
        / 60 / 60 / 24;
Result: 121.958333333333
SELECT timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00' - timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00';
Result: 121 days 23:00:00
SELECT age(timestamptz '2013-07-01 12:00:00', timestamptz '2013-03-01 12:00:00');
Result: 4 mons

9.9.1. EXTRACT, date_part

EXTRACT(field FROM source)

The extract function retrieves subfields such as year or hour from date/time values. source must be a value expression of type timestamp, time, or interval. (Expressions of type dateare cast to timestamp and can therefore be used as well.) field is an identifier or string that selects what field to extract from the source value. The extract function returns values of type double precision. The following are valid field names:century

The century

SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM TIMESTAMP '2000-12-16 12:21:13');
Result: 20
SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 21

The first century starts at 0001-01-01 00:00:00 AD, although they did not know it at the time. This definition applies to all Gregorian calendar countries. There is no century number 0, you go from -1 century to 1 century. If you disagree with this, please write your complaint to: Pope, Cathedral Saint-Peter of Roma, Vatican.day

For timestamp values, the day (of the month) field (1 - 31) ; for interval values, the number of days

SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 16

SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM INTERVAL '40 days 1 minute');
Result: 40

decade

The year field divided by 10

SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 200

dow

The day of the week as Sunday (0) to Saturday (6)

SELECT EXTRACT(DOW FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 5

Note that extract's day of the week numbering differs from that of the to_char(..., 'D') function.doy

The day of the year (1 - 365/366)

SELECT EXTRACT(DOY FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 47

epoch

For timestamp with time zone values, the number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (can be negative); for date and timestamp values, the number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 local time; for interval values, the total number of seconds in the interval

SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40.12-08');
Result: 982384720.12

SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM INTERVAL '5 days 3 hours');
Result: 442800

Here is how you can convert an epoch value back to a time stamp:

SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE 'epoch' + 982384720.12 * INTERVAL '1 second';

(The to_timestamp function encapsulates the above conversion.)hour

The hour field (0 - 23)

SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 20

isodow

The day of the week as Monday (1) to Sunday (7)

SELECT EXTRACT(ISODOW FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-18 20:38:40');
Result: 7

This is identical to dow except for Sunday. This matches the ISO 8601 day of the week numbering.isoyear

The ISO 8601 week-numbering year that the date falls in (not applicable to intervals)

SELECT EXTRACT(ISOYEAR FROM DATE '2006-01-01');
Result: 2005
SELECT EXTRACT(ISOYEAR FROM DATE '2006-01-02');
Result: 2006

Each ISO 8601 week-numbering year begins with the Monday of the week containing the 4th of January, so in early January or late December the ISO year may be different from the Gregorian year. See the week field for more information.

This field is not available in PostgreSQL releases prior to 8.3.microseconds

The seconds field, including fractional parts, multiplied by 1 000 000; note that this includes full seconds

SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECONDS FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
Result: 28500000

millennium

The millennium

SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 3

Years in the 1900s are in the second millennium. The third millennium started January 1, 2001.milliseconds

The seconds field, including fractional parts, multiplied by 1000. Note that this includes full seconds.

SELECT EXTRACT(MILLISECONDS FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
Result: 28500

minute

The minutes field (0 - 59)

SELECT EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 38

month

For timestamp values, the number of the month within the year (1 - 12) ; for interval values, the number of months, modulo 12 (0 - 11)

SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 2

SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM INTERVAL '2 years 3 months');
Result: 3

SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM INTERVAL '2 years 13 months');
Result: 1

quarter

The quarter of the year (1 - 4) that the date is in

SELECT EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 1

second

The seconds field, including fractional parts (0 - 59[1])

SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 40

SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM TIME '17:12:28.5');
Result: 28.5

timezone

The time zone offset from UTC, measured in seconds. Positive values correspond to time zones east of UTC, negative values to zones west of UTC. (Technically, PostgreSQL uses UT1 because leap seconds are not handled.)timezone_hour

The hour component of the time zone offsettimezone_minute

The minute component of the time zone offsetweek

The number of the ISO 8601 week-numbering week of the year. By definition, ISO weeks start on Mondays and the first week of a year contains January 4 of that year. In other words, the first Thursday of a year is in week 1 of that year.

In the ISO week-numbering system, it is possible for early-January dates to be part of the 52nd or 53rd week of the previous year, and for late-December dates to be part of the first week of the next year. For example, 2005-01-01 is part of the 53rd week of year 2004, and 2006-01-01 is part of the 52nd week of year 2005, while 2012-12-31 is part of the first week of 2013. It's recommended to use the isoyear field together with week to get consistent results.

SELECT EXTRACT(WEEK FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 7

year

The year field. Keep in mind there is no 0 AD, so subtracting BC years from AD years should be done with care.

SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 2001

The extract function is primarily intended for computational processing. For formatting date/time values for display, see Section 9.8.

The date_part function is modeled on the traditional Ingres equivalent to the SQL-standard function extract:

date_part('field', source)

Note that here the field parameter needs to be a string value, not a name. The valid field names for date_part are the same as for extract.

SELECT date_part('day', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 16

SELECT date_part('hour', INTERVAL '4 hours 3 minutes');
Result: 4

9.9.2. date_trunc

The function date_trunc is conceptually similar to the trunc function for numbers.

date_trunc('field', source)

source is a value expression of type timestamp or interval. (Values of type date and time are cast automatically to timestamp or interval, respectively.) field selects to which precision to truncate the input value. The return value is of type timestamp or interval with all fields that are less significant than the selected one set to zero (or one, for day and month).

Valid values for field are:

microseconds
milliseconds
second
minute
hour
day
week
month
quarter
year
decade
century
millennium

Examples:

SELECT date_trunc('hour', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 2001-02-16 20:00:00

SELECT date_trunc('year', TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40');
Result: 2001-01-01 00:00:00

9.9.3. AT TIME ZONE

The AT TIME ZONE construct allows conversions of time stamps to different time zones. Table 9-29 shows its variants.

Table 9-29. AT TIME ZONE Variants

Expression	Return Type	Description
timestamp without time zone AT TIME ZONE zone	timestamp with time zone	Treat given time stamp without time zone as located in the specified time zone
timestamp with time zone AT TIME ZONE zone	timestamp without time zone	Convert given time stamp with time zone to the new time zone, with no time zone designation
time with time zone AT TIME ZONE zone	time with time zone	Convert given time with time zone to the new time zone

In these expressions, the desired time zone zone can be specified either as a text string (e.g., 'PST') or as an interval (e.g., INTERVAL '-08:00'). In the text case, a time zone name can be specified in any of the ways described in Section 8.5.3.

Examples (assuming the local time zone is PST8PDT):

SELECT TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 20:38:40' AT TIME ZONE 'MST';
Result: 2001-02-16 19:38:40-08

SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2001-02-16 20:38:40-05' AT TIME ZONE 'MST';
Result: 2001-02-16 18:38:40

The first example takes a time stamp without time zone and interprets it as MST time (UTC-7), which is then converted to PST (UTC-8) for display. The second example takes a time stamp specified in EST (UTC-5) and converts it to local time in MST (UTC-7).

The function timezone(zone, timestamp) is equivalent to the SQL-conforming construct timestamp AT TIME ZONE zone.

9.9.4. Current Date/Time

PostgreSQL provides a number of functions that return values related to the current date and time. These SQL-standard functions all return values based on the start time of the current transaction:

CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURRENT_TIME(precision)
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(precision)
LOCALTIME
LOCALTIMESTAMP
LOCALTIME(precision)
LOCALTIMESTAMP(precision)

CURRENT_TIME and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP deliver values with time zone; LOCALTIME and LOCALTIMESTAMP deliver values without time zone.

CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, LOCALTIME, and LOCALTIMESTAMP can optionally take a precision parameter, which causes the result to be rounded to that many fractional digits in the seconds field. Without a precision parameter, the result is given to the full available precision.

Some examples:

SELECT CURRENT_TIME;
Result: 14:39:53.662522-05

SELECT CURRENT_DATE;
Result: 2001-12-23

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
Result: 2001-12-23 14:39:53.662522-05

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(2);
Result: 2001-12-23 14:39:53.66-05

SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP;
Result: 2001-12-23 14:39:53.662522

Since these functions return the start time of the current transaction, their values do not change during the transaction. This is considered a feature: the intent is to allow a single transaction to have a consistent notion of the "current" time, so that multiple modifications within the same transaction bear the same time stamp.

Note: Other database systems might advance these values more frequently.

PostgreSQL also provides functions that return the start time of the current statement, as well as the actual current time at the instant the function is called. The complete list of non-SQL-standard time functions is:

transaction_timestamp()
statement_timestamp()
clock_timestamp()
timeofday()
now()

transaction_timestamp() is equivalent to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, but is named to clearly reflect what it returns. statement_timestamp() returns the start time of the current statement (more specifically, the time of receipt of the latest command message from the client). statement_timestamp() and transaction_timestamp() return the same value during the first command of a transaction, but might differ during subsequent commands. clock_timestamp() returns the actual current time, and therefore its value changes even within a single SQL command. timeofday() is a historical PostgreSQL function. Like clock_timestamp(), it returns the actual current time, but as a formatted text string rather than a timestamp with time zone value. now() is a traditional PostgreSQL equivalent to transaction_timestamp().

All the date/time data types also accept the special literal value now to specify the current date and time (again, interpreted as the transaction start time). Thus, the following three all return the same result:

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
SELECT now();
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'now';  -- incorrect for use with DEFAULT

Tip: You do not want to use the third form when specifying a DEFAULT clause while creating a table. The system will convert now to a timestamp as soon as the constant is parsed, so that when the default value is needed, the time of the table creation would be used! The first two forms will not be evaluated until the default value is used, because they are function calls. Thus they will give the desired behavior of defaulting to the time of row insertion.

9.9.5. Delaying Execution

The following functions are available to delay execution of the server process:

pg_sleep(seconds)
pg_sleep_for(interval)
pg_sleep_until(timestamp with time zone)

pg_sleep makes the current session's process sleep until seconds seconds have elapsed. seconds is a value of type double precision, so fractional-second delays can be specified. pg_sleep_for is a convenience function for larger sleep times specified as an interval. pg_sleep_until is a convenience function for when a specific wake-up time is desired. For example:

SELECT pg_sleep(1.5);
SELECT pg_sleep_for('5 minutes');
SELECT pg_sleep_until('tomorrow 03:00');

Note: The effective resolution of the sleep interval is platform-specific; 0.01 seconds is a common value. The sleep delay will be at least as long as specified. It might be longer depending on factors such as server load. In particular, pg_sleep_until is not guaranteed to wake up exactly at the specified time, but it will not wake up any earlier.

Warning
Make sure that your session does not hold more locks than necessary when calling pg_sleepor its variants. Otherwise other sessions might have to wait for your sleeping process, slowing down the entire system.

Notes

[1]	60 if leap seconds are implemented by the operating system