E.1. Release 14
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**Release date: **2021-09-30
PostgreSQL 14 contains many new features and enhancements, including:
Stored procedures can now return data via OUT parameters.
The SQL-standard SEARCH and CYCLE options for common table expressions have been implemented.
Subscripting can now be applied to any data type for which it is a useful notation, not only arrays. In this release, the jsonb and hstore types have gained subscripting operators.
Range types have been extended by adding multiranges, allowing representation of noncontiguous data ranges.
Numerous performance improvements have been made for parallel queries, heavily-concurrent workloads, partitioned tables, logical replication, and vacuuming.
B-tree index updates are managed more efficiently, reducing index bloat.
VACUUM automatically becomes more aggressive, and skips inessential cleanup, if the database starts to approach a transaction ID wraparound condition.
Extended statistics can now be collected on expressions, allowing better planning results for complex queries.
libpq now has the ability to pipeline multiple queries, which can boost throughput over high-latency connections.
The above items and other new features of PostgreSQL 14 are explained in more detail in the sections below.
A dump/restore using or use of or logical replication is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release. See for general information on migrating to new major releases.
Version 14 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility with previous releases. Observe the following incompatibilities:
User-defined objects that reference certain built-in array functions along with their argument types must be recreated (Tom Lane)
The more consistently named <@ and @> have been recommended for many years.
Certain discarded tokens, like underscore, caused the output of these functions to produce incorrect tsquery output, e.g., both websearch_to_tsquery('"pg_class pg"') and to_tsquery('pg_class <-> pg') used to output ( 'pg' & 'class' ) <-> 'pg', but now both output 'pg' <-> 'class' <-> 'pg'.
Previously, quoted text that contained multiple adjacent discarded tokens was treated as multiple tokens, causing incorrect tsquery output, e.g., websearch_to_tsquery('"aaa: bbb"') used to output 'aaa' <2> 'bbb', but now outputs 'aaa' <-> 'bbb'.
This avoids loss-of-precision issues in some usages. The old behavior can still be obtained by using the old underlying function date_part().
Also, EXTRACT(date) now throws an error for units that are not part of the date data type.
Previously NaN was returned.
Previously such attribute numbers returned an invalid-column error.
Previously window frame clauses like 'inf' PRECEDING AND 'inf' FOLLOWING returned incorrect results.
Remove factorial operators ! and !!, as well as function numeric_fac() (Mark Dilger)
Disallow factorial() of negative numbers (Peter Eisentraut)
Previously such cases returned 1.
pg_dump and pg_upgrade will warn if postfix operators are being dumped.
Previously they did not match newlines in this mode, but that disagrees with the behavior of other common regular expression engines. [^[:digit:]] or [^[:word:]] can be used to get the old behavior.
For example, in (^\d+).*\1, the ^ constraint should be applied at the start of the string, but not when matching \1.
Disallow \w as a range start or end in regular expression character classes (Tom Lane)
This previously was allowed but produced unexpected results.
Previously it was md5. All new passwords will be stored as SHA256 unless this server setting is changed or the password is specified in MD5 format. Also, the legacy (and undocumented) Boolean-like values which were previously synonyms for md5 are no longer accepted.
Remove server parameter vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor (Peter Geoghegan)
This setting was ignored starting in PostgreSQL version 13.3.
Remove server parameter operator_precedence_warning (Tom Lane)
This setting was used for warning applications about PostgreSQL 9.5 changes.
Values 1/0/no-verify are no longer supported; only the strings verify-ca and verify-full can be used. Also, disallow verify-ca if cert authentication is enabled since cert requires verify-full checking.
This was already disabled by default in previous PostgreSQL releases, and most modern OpenSSL and TLS versions no longer support it.
This was last used as the default in PostgreSQL 7.3 (released in 2002).
Previously 'abc''def' was passed to the server as 'abc'def', and "abc""def" was passed as "abc"def", causing syntax errors.
Previously a full GiST index scan was required, so just avoid that and scan the heap, which is faster. Indexes created for this purpose should be removed.
Remove contrib program pg_standby (Justin Pryzby)
Negative values produced undesirable results.
Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between PostgreSQL 14 and the previous major release.
These non-login roles can be used to give read or write permission to all tables, views, and sequences.
This is especially useful in template databases.
Remove temporary files after backend crashes (Euler Taveira)
Allow long-running queries to be canceled if the client disconnects (Sergey Cherkashin, Thomas Munro)
Allow wide tuples to be always added to almost-empty heap pages (John Naylor, Floris van Nee)
Add Server Name Indication (SNI) in SSL connection packets (Peter Eisentraut)
Allow vacuum to skip index vacuuming when the number of removable index entries is insignificant (Masahiko Sawada, Peter Geoghegan)
Allow vacuum to more eagerly add deleted btree pages to the free space map (Peter Geoghegan)
Previously vacuum could only add pages to the free space map that were marked as deleted by previous vacuums.
Allow vacuum to reclaim space used by unused trailing heap line pointers (Matthias van de Meent, Peter Geoghegan)
Allow vacuum to be more aggressive in removing dead rows during minimal-locking index operations (Álvaro Herrera)
Specifically, CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY and REINDEX CONCURRENTLY no longer limit the dead row removal of other relations.
Speed up vacuuming of databases with many relations (Tatsuhito Kasahara)
Add ability to skip vacuuming of TOAST tables (Nathan Bossart)
Cause vacuum operations to be more aggressive if the table is near xid or multixact wraparound (Masahiko Sawada, Peter Geoghegan)
Increase warning time and hard limit before transaction id and multi-transaction wraparound (Noah Misch)
This should reduce the possibility of failures that occur without having issued warnings about wraparound.
Improve the performance of updates and deletes on partitioned tables with many partitions (Amit Langote, Tom Lane)
This change greatly reduces the planner's overhead for such cases, and also allows updates/deletes on partitioned tables to use execution-time partition pruning.
The syntax is ALTER TABLE ... DETACH PARTITION ... CONCURRENTLY, and FINALIZE.
Ignore COLLATE clauses in partition boundary values (Tom Lane)
Previously any such clause had to match the collation of the partition key; but it's more consistent to consider that it's automatically coerced to the collation of the partition key.
This is particularly helpful for reducing index bloat on tables whose indexed columns are frequently updated.
This is useful if there are groups of values in each page range.
Allow BRIN indexes to use bloom filters (Tomas Vondra)
This allows BRIN indexes to be used effectively with data that is not well-localized in the heap.
Presorting happens automatically and allows for faster index creation and smaller indexes.
Allow hash lookup for IN clauses with many constants (James Coleman, David Rowley)
Previously the code always sequentially scanned the list of values.
Allow extended statistics on expressions (Tomas Vondra)
Previously a sequential scan was required for non-equality TID specifications.
Previously, if the object already existed, EXPLAIN would fail.
This also improves performance when there are many idle sessions.
Add executor method to memoize results from the inner side of a nested-loop join (David Rowley)
Improve the I/O performance of parallel sequential scans (Thomas Munro, David Rowley)
Dramatically improve Unicode normalization (John Naylor)
A query id computed by an extension will also be displayed.
Make the archiver process visible in pg_stat_activity (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
Allow an SSL certificate's distinguished name (DN) to be matched for client certificate authentication (Andrew Dunstan)
A backslash at the end of a line allows record contents to be continued on the next line.
Allow the specification of a certificate revocation list (CRL) directory (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
Allow passwords of an arbitrary length (Tom Lane, Nathan Bossart)
The previous default was 0.5.
Previously all the paths had to be in a single quoted string.
Allow startup allocation of dynamic shared memory (Thomas Munro)
Pause recovery on a hot standby server if the primary changes its parameters in a way that prevents replay on the standby (Peter Eisentraut)
Previously the standby would shut down immediately.
This allows clients to easily detect whether they are connected to a hot standby server.
Speed truncation of small tables during recovery on clusters with a large number of shared buffers (Kirk Jamison)
Allow file system sync at the start of crash recovery on Linux (Thomas Munro)
Previously these functions could only be executed by superusers, and this is still the default.
Allow logical replication to stream long in-progress transactions to subscribers (Dilip Kumar, Amit Kapila, Ajin Cherian, Tomas Vondra, Nikhil Sontakke, Stas Kelvich)
Enhance the logical replication API to allow streaming large in-progress transactions (Tomas Vondra, Dilip Kumar, Amit Kapila)
Allow multiple transactions during table sync in logical replication (Peter Smith, Amit Kapila, and Takamichi Osumi)
Immediately WAL-log subtransaction and top-level XID association (Tomas Vondra, Dilip Kumar, Amit Kapila)
This is useful for logical decoding.
Enhance logical decoding APIs to handle two-phase commits (Ajin Cherian, Amit Kapila, Nikhil Sontakke, Stas Kelvich)
Generate WAL invalidation messages during command completion when using logical replication (Dilip Kumar, Tomas Vondra, Amit Kapila)
When logical replication is disabled, WAL invalidation messages are generated at transaction completion. This allows logical streaming of in-progress transactions.
Allow logical decoding to more efficiently process cache invalidation messages (Dilip Kumar)
Allow control over whether logical decoding messages are sent to the replication stream (David Pirotte, Euler Taveira)
Allow logical replication subscriptions to use binary transfer mode (Dave Cramer)
This is faster than text mode, but slightly less robust.
Allow logical decoding to be filtered by xid (Markus Wanner)
Reduce the number of keywords that can't be used as column labels without AS (Mark Dilger)
There are now 90% fewer restricted keywords.
Allow an alias to be specified for JOIN's USING clause (Peter Eisentraut)
The alias is created by writing AS after the USING clause. It can be used as a table qualification for the merged USING columns.
Allow DISTINCT to be added to GROUP BY to remove duplicate GROUPING SET combinations (Vik Fearing)
For example, GROUP BY CUBE (a,b), CUBE (b,c) will generate duplicate grouping combinations without DISTINCT.
Properly handle DEFAULT entries in multi-row VALUES lists in INSERT (Dean Rasheed)
Such cases used to throw an error.
The same results could be accomplished using existing syntax, but much less conveniently.
Allow column names in the WHERE clause of ON CONFLICT to be table-qualified (Tom Lane)
Only the target table can be referenced, however.
Allow REINDEX to process all child tables or indexes of a partitioned relation (Justin Pryzby, Michael Paquier)
Allow index commands using CONCURRENTLY to avoid waiting for the completion of other operations using CONCURRENTLY (Álvaro Herrera)
This allows pre-existing triggers to be conditionally replaced.
Allow publications to be more easily added to and removed from a subscription (Japin Li)
Previously subscript handling was hard-coded into the server, so that subscripting could only be applied to array types. This change allows subscript notation to be used to extract or assign portions of a value of any type for which the concept makes sense.
JSONB subscripting can be used to extract and assign to portions of JSONB documents.
These are like range data types, but they allow the specification of multiple, ordered, non-overlapping ranges. An associated multirange type is automatically created for every range type.
The previous limit was 4K bytes. Also remove function t_readline().
Floating-point data types already supported these.
Previously these were called >^ and <^, but that naming is inconsistent with other geometric data types. The old names remain available, but may someday be removed.
Create composite array types for system catalogs (Wenjing Zeng)
User-defined relations have long had composite types associated with them, and also array types over those composite types. System catalogs now do as well. This change also fixes an inconsistency that creating a user-defined table in single-user mode would fail to create a composite array type.
Previously only string-literal function bodies were supported. When writing a function or procedure in SQL-standard syntax, the body is parsed immediately and stored as a parse tree. This allows better tracking of function dependencies, and can have security benefits.
Allow some array functions to operate on a mix of compatible data types (Tom Lane)
This could already be done with array slices, but less easily.
Negative values start from the last field and count backward.
This is similar to how Unicode can be specified in literal strings.
This function “bins” input timestamps, grouping them into intervals of a uniform length aligned with a specified origin.
Negative values are interpreted as BC years.
The new SQL-standard syntax is SUBSTRING(text SIMILAR pattern ESCAPE escapechar). The previous standard syntax was SUBSTRING(text FROM pattern FOR escapechar), which is still accepted by PostgreSQL.
Previously such operations produced underflow errors.
Make floating-point division of NaN by zero return NaN (Tom Lane)
Previously this returned an error.
Previously they often returned underflow errors.
Improve the accuracy of geometric computations involving infinity (Tom Lane)
Mark built-in type coercion functions as leakproof where possible (Tom Lane)
This allows more use of functions that require type conversion in security-sensitive situations.
This change allows assignment to array slices and nested record fields.
This allows multiple queries to be sent, only waiting for completion when a specific synchronization message is sent.
The new options are read-only, primary, standby, and prefer-standby.
Allow an ECPG SQL identifier to be linked to a specific connection (Hayato Kuroda)
The options are --no-index-cleanup and --no-truncate.
This is controlled by option --extension.
Include disconnection times in the reconnection overhead measured by pgbench with -C (Yugo Nagata)
Allow multiple verbose option specifications (-v) to increase the logging verbosity (Tom Lane)
Allow psql's \df and \do commands to specify function and operator argument types (Greg Sabino Mullane, Tom Lane)
This helps reduce the number of matches printed for overloaded names.
Add an access method column to psql's \d[i|m|t]+ output (Georgios Kokolatos)
Allow psql's \dt and \di to show TOAST tables and their indexes (Justin Pryzby)
Add psql command \dX to list extended statistics objects (Tatsuro Yamada)
Fix psql's \dT to understand array syntax and backend grammar aliases, like int for integer (Greg Sabino Mullane, Tom Lane)
When editing the previous query or a file with psql's \e, or using \ef and \ev, ignore the results if the editor exits without saving (Laurenz Albe)
Previously, such edits would load the previous query into the query buffer, and typically execute it immediately. This was deemed to be probably not what the user wants.
Improve tab completion (Vignesh C, Michael Paquier, Justin Pryzby, Georgios Kokolatos, Julien Rouhaud)
This suppresses the server startup instructions that are normally printed.
This option was unnecessary since all passed options could already be specified directly.
With the removal of the ! operator in this release, factorial() is the only built-in way to compute a factorial.
The spelling --with-openssl is kept for compatibility.
This is currently supported on Linux and Windows.
Allow Windows to properly handle files larger than four gigabytes (Juan José Santamaría Flecha)
Previously this behavior could only be set at compile time. To invoke it during initdb, use the new option --discard-caches.
Various improvements in valgrind error detection ability (Álvaro Herrera, Peter Geoghegan)
Add a test module for the regular expression package (Tom Lane)
Add support for LLVM version 12 (Andres Freund)
Change SHA1, SHA2, and MD5 hash computations to use the OpenSSL EVP API (Michael Paquier)
This is more modern and supports FIPS mode.
Remove separate build-time control over the choice of random number generator (Daniel Gustafsson)
This is now always determined by the choice of SSL library.
Add direct conversion routines between EUC_TW and Big5 encodings (Heikki Linnakangas)
Add collation version support for FreeBSD (Thomas Munro)
This allows an index access method to provide validity checking during creation of a new operator class or family.
Provide feature-test macros in libpq-fe.h for recently-added libpq features (Tom Lane, Álvaro Herrera)
Historically, applications have usually used compile-time checks of PG_VERSION_NUM to test whether a feature is available. But that's normally the server version, which might not be a good guide to libpq's version. libpq-fe.h now offers #define symbols denoting application-visible features added in v14; the intent is to keep adding symbols for such features in future versions.
This is similar to LIKE except no wildcards are honored.
This is useful for correcting database corruption.
Previously it only checked B-Tree index pages.
Move query hash computation from pg_stat_statements to the core server (Julien Rouhaud)
Cause pg_stat_statements to track top and nested statements separately (Julien Rohaud)
Previously, when tracking all statements, identical top and nested statements were tracked as a single entry; but it seems more useful to separate such usages.
Add row counts for utility commands to pg_stat_statements (Fujii Masao, Katsuragi Yuta, Seino Yuki)
Add pg_stat_statements_info system view to show pg_stat_statements activity (Katsuragi Yuta, Yuki Seino, Naoki Nakamichi)
Allow postgres_fdw to INSERT rows in bulk (Takayuki Tsunakawa, Tomas Vondra, Amit Langote)
By default, only the root of a partitioned table is imported.
Add postgres_fdw function postgres_fdw_get_connections() to report open foreign server connections (Bharath Rupireddy)
Allow control over whether foreign servers keep connections open after transaction completion (Bharath Rupireddy)
This is controlled by keep_connections and defaults to on.
Allow postgres_fdw to reestablish foreign server connections if necessary (Bharath Rupireddy)
Previously foreign server restarts could cause foreign table access errors.
Add postgres_fdw functions to discard cached connections (Bharath Rupireddy)
The following individuals (in alphabetical order) have contributed to this release as patch authors, committers, reviewers, testers, or reporters of issues.
Ádám Balogh
Adrian Ho
Ahsan Hadi
Ajin Cherian
Aleksander Alekseev
Alessandro Gherardi
Alex Kozhemyakin
Alexander Korotkov
Alexander Lakhin
Alexander Nawratil
Alexander Pyhalov
Alexandra Wang
Alexey Bashtanov
Alexey Bulgakov
Alexey Kondratov
Álvaro Herrera
Amit Kapila
Amit Khandekar
Amit Langote
Amul Sul
Anastasia Lubennikova
Andreas Grob
Andreas Kretschmer
Andreas Seltenreich
Andreas Wicht
Andres Freund
Andrew Bille
Andrew Dunstan
Andrew Gierth
Andrey Borodin
Andrey Lepikhov
Andy Fan
Anton Voloshin
Antonin Houska
Arne Roland
Arseny Sher
Arthur Nascimento
Arthur Zakirov
Ashutosh Bapat
Ashutosh Sharma
Ashwin Agrawal
Asif Rehman
Asim Praveen
Atsushi Torikoshi
Aya Iwata
Barry Pederson
Bas Poot
Bauyrzhan Sakhariyev
Beena Emerson
Benoît Lobréau
Bernd Helmle
Bernhard M. Wiedemann
Bertrand Drouvot
Bharath Rupireddy
Boris Kolpackov
Brar Piening
Brian Ye
Bruce Momjian
Bryn Llewellyn
Cameron Daniel
Chapman Flack
Charles Samborski
Charlie Hornsby
Chen Jiaoqian
Chris Wilson
Christian Quest
Christoph Berg
Christophe Courtois
Corey Huinker
Craig Ringer
Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker
Dana Burd
Daniel Cherniy
Daniel Gustafsson
Daniel Vérité
Daniel Westermann
Daniele Varrazzo
Dar Alathar-Yemen
Darafei Praliaskouski
Dave Cramer
David Christensen
David Fetter
David G. Johnston
David Geier
David Gilman
David Pirotte
David Rowley
David Steele
David Turon
David Zhang
Dean Rasheed
Denis Patron
Dian Fay
Dilip Kumar
Dimitri Nüscheler
Dmitriy Kuzmin
Dmitry Dolgov
Dmitry Marakasov
Domagoj Smoljanovic
Dong Wook
Douglas Doole
Duncan Sands
Edmund Horner
Edson Richter
Egor Rogov
Ekaterina Kiryanova
Elena Indrupskaya
Emil Iggland
Emre Hasegeli
Eric Thinnes
Erik Rijkers
Erwin Brandstetter
Etienne Stalmans
Etsuro Fujita
Eugen Konkov
Euler Taveira
Fabien Coelho
Fabrízio de Royes Mello
Federico Caselli
Felix Lechner
Filip Gospodinov
Floris Van Nee
Frank Gagnepain
Frits Jalvingh
Georgios Kokolatos
Greg Nancarrow
Greg Rychlewski
Greg Sabino Mullane
Gregory Smith
Grigory Smolkin
Guillaume Lelarge
Guy Burgess
Guyren Howe
Haiying Tang
Hamid Akhtar
Hans Buschmann
Hao Wu
Haribabu Kommi
Harisai Hari
Hayato Kuroda
Heath Lord
Heikki Linnakangas
Henry Hinze
Herwig Goemans
Himanshu Upadhyaya
Hironobu Suzuki
Hiroshi Inoue
Hisanori Kobayashi
Honza Horak
Hou Zhijie
Hubert Lubaczewski
Hubert Zhang
Ian Barwick
Ibrar Ahmed
Ildus Kurbangaliev
Isaac Morland
Israel Barth
Itamar Gafni
Jacob Champion
Jaime Casanova
Jaime Soler
Jakub Wartak
James Coleman
James Hilliard
James Hunter
James Inform
Jan Mussler
Japin Li
Jasen Betts
Jason Harvey
Jason Kim
Jeevan Ladhe
Jeff Davis
Jeff Janes
Jelte Fennema
Jeremy Evans
Jeremy Finzel
Jeremy Smith
Jesse Kinkead
Jesse Zhang
Jie Zhang
Jim Doty
Jim Nasby
Jimmy Angelakos
Jimmy Yih
Jiri Fejfar
Joe Conway
Joel Jacobson
John Naylor
John Thompson
Jonathan Katz
Josef Šimánek
Joseph Nahmias
Josh Berkus
Juan José Santamaría Flecha
Julien Rouhaud
Junfeng Yang
Jürgen Purtz
Justin Pryzby
Kazutaka Onishi
Keisuke Kuroda
Kelly Min
Kensuke Okamura
Kevin Sweet
Kevin Yeap
Kirk Jamison
Kohei KaiGai
Konstantin Knizhnik
Kota Miyake
Krzysztof Gradek
Kuntal Ghosh
Kyle Kingsbury
Kyotaro Horiguchi
Laurent Hasson
Laurenz Albe
Lee Dong Wook
Li Japin
Liu Huailing
Luc Vlaming
Ludovic Kuty
Luis Roberto
Lukas Eder
Ma Liangzhu
Maciek Sakrejda
Madan Kumar
Magnus Hagander
Mahendra Singh Thalor
Maksim Milyutin
Marc Boeren
Marcin Krupowicz
Marco Atzeri
Marek Szuba
Marina Polyakova
Mario Emmenlauer
Mark Dilger
Mark Wong
Mark Zhao
Markus Wanner
Martín Marqués
Martin Visser
Masahiko Sawada
Masahiro Ikeda
Masao Fujii
Mathis Rudolf
Matthias van de Meent
Matthieu Garrigues
Matthijs van der Vleuten
Maxim Orlov
Melanie Plageman
Merlin Moncure
Michael Banck
Michael Brown
Michael Meskes
Michael Paquier
Michael Paul Killian
Michael Powers
Michael Vastola
Michail Nikolaev
Michal Albrycht
Mikael Gustavsson
Movead Li
Muhammad Usama
Nagaraj Raj
Naoki Nakamichi
Nathan Bossart
Nathan Long
Nazli Ugur Koyluoglu
Neha Sharma
Neil Chen
Nick Cleaton
Nico Williams
Nikhil Benesch
Nikhil Sontakke
Nikita Glukhov
Nikita Konev
Nikolai Berkoff
Nikolay Samokhvalov
Nikolay Shaplov
Nitin Jadhav
Noah Misch
Noriyoshi Shinoda
Odin Ugedal
Oleg Bartunov
Oleg Samoilov
Önder Kalaci
Pascal Legrand
Paul Förster
Paul Guo
Paul Jungwirth
Paul Martinez
Paul Sivash
Pavan Deolasee
Pavel Boev
Pavel Borisov
Pavel Luzanov
Pavel Stehule
Pengcheng Liu
Peter Eisentraut
Peter Geoghegan
Peter Smith
Peter Vandivier
Petr Fedorov
Petr Jelínek
Phil Krylov
Philipp Gramzow
Philippe Beaudoin
Phillip Menke
Pierre Giraud
Prabhat Sahu
Quan Zongliang
Rafi Shamim
Rahila Syed
Rajkumar Raghuwanshi
Ranier Vilela
Regina Obe
Rémi Lapeyre
Robert Foggia
Robert Grange
Robert Haas
Robert Kahlert
Robert Sosinski
Robert Treat
Robin Abbi
Robins Tharakan
Roger Mason
Rohit Bhogate
Roman Zharkov
Ron L. Johnson
Ronan Dunklau
Ryan Lambert
Ryo Matsumura
Saeed Hubaishan
Sait Talha Nisanci
Sandro Mani
Santosh Udupi
Scott Ribe
Sehrope Sarkuni
Sergei Kornilov
Sergey Bernikov
Sergey Cherkashin
Sergey Koposov
Sergey Shinderuk
Sergey Zubkovsky
Shawn Wang
Shay Rojansky
Shi Yu
Shinya Kato
Shinya Okano
Sigrid Ehrenreich
Simon Norris
Simon Riggs
Sofoklis Papasofokli
Soumyadeep Chakraborty
Stas Kelvich
Stephan Springl
Stéphane Lorek
Stephen Frost
Steven Winfield
Surafel Temesgen
Suraj Kharage
Sven Klemm
Takamichi Osumi
Takashi Menjo
Takayuki Tsunakawa
Tang Haiying
Tatsuhito Kasahara
Tatsuo Ishii
Tatsuro Yamada
Theodor Arsenij Larionov-Trichkin
Thomas Kellerer
Thomas Munro
Thomas Trenz
Tijs van Dam
Tom Ellis
Tom Gottfried
Tom Lane
Tom Vijlbrief
Tomas Barton
Tomas Vondra
Tomohiro Hiramitsu
Tony Reix
Vaishnavi Prabakaran
Valentin Gatien-Baron
Victor Wagner
Victor Yegorov
Vignesh C
Vik Fearing
Vitaly Ustinov
Vladimir Sitnikov
Vyacheslav Shablistyy
Wang Shenhao
Wei Wang
Wells Oliver
Wenjing Zeng
Wolfgang Walther
Yang Lin
Yanliang Lei
Yaoguang Chen
Yaroslav Pashinsky
Yaroslav Schekin
Yasushi Yamashita
Yoran Heling
YoungHwan Joo
Yugo Nagata
Yuki Seino
Yukun Wang
Yulin Pei
Yura Sokolov
Yuta Katsuragi
Yuta Kondo
Yuzuko Hosoya
Zhihong Yu
Zhiyong Wu
Zsolt Ero
Specifically, , array_prepend(), array_cat(), array_position(), array_positions(), array_remove(), array_replace(), and used to take anyarray arguments but now take anycompatiblearray. Therefore, user-defined objects like aggregates and operators that reference those array function signatures must be dropped before upgrading, and recreated once the upgrade completes.
Remove deprecated containment operators @ and ~ for built-in and contrib modules , , , and (Justin Pryzby)
Fix and websearch_to_tsquery() to properly parse query text containing discarded tokens (Alexander Korotkov)
Fix to properly parse multiple adjacent discarded tokens in quotes (Alexander Korotkov)
Change to return type numeric instead of float8 (Peter Eisentraut)
Change and stddev_samp() with numeric parameters to return NULL when the input is a single NaN value (Tom Lane)
Return false for checks on non-existent or dropped columns when using attribute numbers (Joe Conway)
Fix handling of infinite ranges (Tom Lane)
The function is still supported.
Remove support for (right-unary) operators (Mark Dilger)
Allow \D and \W shorthands to match newlines in newline-sensitive mode (Tom Lane)
Disregard constraints when matching regular expression (Tom Lane)
Require names to use only characters that are valid in unquoted SQL identifiers (Tom Lane)
Change the default of the server parameter to scram-sha-256 (Peter Eisentraut)
Overhaul the specification of clientcert in (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
Remove support for compression (Daniel Gustafsson, Michael Paquier)
Remove server and support for the version 2 (Heikki Linnakangas)
Disallow single-quoting of the language name in the command (Peter Eisentraut)
Remove the that were formerly created for sequences and toast tables (Tom Lane)
Process doubled quote marks in SQL command strings correctly (Tom Lane)
Prevent the containment operators (<@ and @>) for from using GiST indexes (Tom Lane)
Prevent 's function normal_rand() from accepting negative values (Ashutosh Bapat)
Add predefined roles and pg_write_all_data (Stephen Frost)
Add predefined role that contains only the current database's owner (Noah Misch)
Previously, such files were retained for debugging purposes. If necessary, deletion can be disabled with the new server parameter .
The server parameter allows control over whether loss of connection is checked for intra-query. (This is supported on Linux and a few other operating systems.)
Add an optional timeout parameter to
Previously tuples whose insertion would have exceeded the page's were instead added to new pages.
This can be disabled by turning off client connection option .
The vacuum parameter has a new default of auto that enables this optimization.
Reduce the default value of to better reflect current hardware capabilities (Peter Geoghegan)
now has a PROCESS_TOAST option which can be set to false to disable TOAST processing, and has a --no-process-toast option.
Have appropriately update page visibility bits (Anastasia Lubennikova, Pavan Deolasee, Jeff Janes)
This is controlled by and .
Add per-index information to (Masahiko Sawada)
Allow partitions to be in a non-blocking manner (Álvaro Herrera)
Allow btree index additions to to prevent page splits (Peter Geoghegan)
Allow indexes to record multiple min/max values per range (Tomas Vondra)
Allow some indexes to be built by presorting the data (Andrey Borodin)
Allow indexes to contain INCLUDE'd columns (Pavel Borisov)
Increase the number of places can be used for OR clause estimation (Tomas Vondra, Dean Rasheed)
This allows statistics on a group of expressions and columns, rather than only columns like previously. System view reports such statistics.
Allow efficient heap scanning of a range of (Edmund Horner, David Rowley)
Fix and EXPLAIN CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW to honor IF NOT EXISTS (Bharath Rupireddy)
Improve the speed of computing MVCC on systems with many CPUs and high session counts (Andres Freund)
This is useful if only a small percentage of rows is checked on the inner side. It can be disabled via server parameter .
Allow to perform incremental sorts (David Rowley)
This was done by allocating blocks in groups to .
Allow a query referencing multiple to perform foreign table scans in parallel (Robert Haas, Kyotaro Horiguchi, Thomas Munro, Etsuro Fujita)
supports this type of scan if async_capable is set.
Allow to do page prefetching (Stephen Frost)
This is controlled by .
Improve performance of searches (Tom Lane)
This speeds and IS NORMALIZED.
Add ability to use on TOAST data (Dilip Kumar)
This can be set at the column level, or set as a default via server parameter . The server must be compiled with to support this feature. The default setting is still pglz.
If server parameter is enabled, display the query id in , , , and optionally in (Julien Rouhaud)
Improve logging of and auto-analyze (Stephen Frost, Jakub Wartak)
This reports I/O timings for auto-vacuum and auto-analyze if is enabled. Also, report buffer read and dirty rates for auto-analyze.
Add information about the original user name supplied by the client to the output of (Jacob Champion)
Add system view to report COPY progress (Josef Šimánek, Matthias van de Meent)
Add system view to report WAL activity (Masahiro Ikeda)
Add system view to report replication slot activity (Sawada Masahiko, Amit Kapila, Vignesh C)
The function resets slot statistics.
Add system view to report session memory usage (Atsushi Torikoshi, Fujii Masao)
Add function to output the memory contexts of arbitrary backends (Atsushi Torikoshi)
Add session statistics to the system view (Laurenz Albe)
Add columns to to report generic and custom plan counts (Atsushi Torikoshi, Kyotaro Horiguchi)
Add lock wait start time to (Atsushi Torikoshi)
Add wait event to report WAL receiver exit wait time (Fujii Masao)
Implement information schema view to track columns referenced by function and procedure default expressions (Peter Eisentraut)
The new option clientname=DN allows comparison with certificate attributes beyond the CN and can be combined with ident maps.
Allow pg_hba.conf and records to span multiple lines (Fabien Coelho)
This is controlled by server parameter and libpq connection option . Previously only single CRL files could be specified.
Add server parameter to close idle sessions (Li Japin)
This is similar to .
Change default to 0.9 (Stephen Frost)
Allow %P in to report the parallel group leader's PID for a parallel worker (Justin Pryzby)
Allow to specify paths as individual, comma-separated quoted strings (Ian Lawrence Barwick)
This is controlled by . This allows more use of huge pages.
Add server parameter to control the size of huge pages used on Linux (Odin Ugedal)
Allow standby servers to be rewound via (Heikki Linnakangas)
Allow the setting to be changed during a server reload (Sergei Kornilov)
You can also set restore_command to an empty string and reload to force recovery to only read from the directory.
Add server parameter to report long recovery conflict wait times (Bertrand Drouvot, Masahiko Sawada)
Add function to report the recovery state (Dilip Kumar)
It gives more detailed information than , which still exists.
Add new read-only server parameter (Haribabu Kommi, Greg Nancarrow, Tom Lane)
By default, PostgreSQL opens and fsyncs each data file in the database cluster at the start of crash recovery. A new setting, =syncfs, instead syncs each filesystem used by the cluster. This allows for faster recovery on systems with many database files.
Add function to return the commit timestamp and replication origin of the specified transaction (Movead Li)
Add the replication origin to the record returned by (Movead Li)
Allow replication to be controlled using standard function permission controls (Martín Marqués)
Previously transactions that exceeded were written to disk until the transaction completed.
The output functions begin with . test_decoding also supports these.
This is controlled via .
This allows to work efficiently in presence of a large amount of DDL.
Add SQL-standard SEARCH and CYCLE clauses for (Peter Eisentraut)
Allow to use parallelism (Bharath Rupireddy)
Allow to change the tablespace of the new index (Alexey Kondratov, Michael Paquier, Justin Pryzby)
This is done by specifying a TABLESPACE clause. A --tablespace option was also added to to control this.
Improve the performance of in binary mode (Bharath Rupireddy, Amit Langote)
Preserve SQL standard syntax for SQL-defined functions in (Tom Lane)
Previously, calls to SQL-standard functions such as were shown in plain function-call syntax. The original syntax is now preserved when displaying a view or rule.
Add the SQL-standard clause GRANTED BY to and (Peter Eisentraut)
Add OR REPLACE option for (Takamichi Osumi)
Allow to operate on foreign tables (Kazutaka Onishi, Kohei KaiGai)
The module also now supports this.
The new syntax is . This avoids having to specify all publications to add/remove entries.
Add primary keys, unique constraints, and foreign keys to (Peter Eisentraut)
These changes help GUI tools analyze the system catalogs. The existing unique indexes of catalogs now have associated UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraints. Foreign key relationships are not actually stored or implemented as constraints, but can be obtained for display from the function .
Allow every place CURRENT_USER is accepted (Peter Eisentraut)
Allow extensions and built-in data types to implement (Dmitry Dolgov)
Allow subscripting of (Dmitry Dolgov)
Add support for (Paul Jungwirth, Alexander Korotkov)
Add support for the of languages Armenian, Basque, Catalan, Hindi, Serbian, and Yiddish (Peter Eisentraut)
Allow to have unlimited line lengths (Tom Lane)
Add support for Infinity and -Infinity values in the (Tom Lane)
Add <<| and |>> representing strictly above/below tests (Emre Hasegeli)
Add operators to add and subtract and numeric (byte) values (Fujii Masao)
Allow to be more forgiving of array and record OID mismatches (Tom Lane)
Allow SQL-language and to use SQL-standard function bodies (Peter Eisentraut)
Allow to have OUT parameters (Peter Eisentraut)
The functions , array_prepend(), array_cat(), array_position(), array_positions(), array_remove(), array_replace(), and now take anycompatiblearray instead of anyarray arguments. This makes them less fussy about exact matches of argument types.
Add SQL-standard function (Vik Fearing)
Add bytea equivalents of and rtrim() (Joel Jacobson)
Support negative indexes in (Nikhil Benesch)
Add function to split a string on delimiters (Pavel Stehule)
This is similar to the function.
Add function to allow Unicode characters to be specified as backslash-hex escapes in strings (Pavel Stehule)
Add XOR aggregate function (Alexey Bashtanov)
Add function to return the number of bits set in a bit or byte string (David Fetter)
Add function (John Naylor)
Allow /make_timestamptz() to accept negative years (Peter Eisentraut)
Add newer regular expression syntax (Peter Eisentraut)
Allow complemented character class escapes , \S, and \W within regular expression brackets (Tom Lane)
Add as a regular expression character class, equivalent to \w (Tom Lane)
Allow more flexible data types for default values of and lag() window functions (Vik Fearing)
Make non-zero divided by infinity return zero (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
Cause and power() for negative-infinity exponents to return zero (Tom Lane)
Change , pg_identify_object(), and pg_identify_object_as_address() to always report helpful error messages for non-existent objects (Michael Paquier)
Improve PL/pgSQL's and parsing (Tom Lane)
Allow plpgsql's to execute its query using parallelism (Tom Lane)
Improve performance of repeated s within plpgsql procedures (Pavel Stehule, Tom Lane)
Add mode to libpq (Craig Ringer, Matthieu Garrigues, Álvaro Herrera)
Enhance libpq's parameter options (Haribabu Kommi, Greg Nancarrow, Vignesh C, Tom Lane)
Improve the output format of libpq's (Aya Iwata, Álvaro Herrera)
This is done via .
Allow to skip index cleanup and truncation (Nathan Bossart)
Allow to dump only certain extensions (Guillaume Lelarge)
Add permute() function to randomly shuffle values (Fabien Coelho, Hironobu Suzuki, Dean Rasheed)
This behavior is supported by , , and .
Add command-line utility to simplify running contrib/amcheck tests on many relations (Mark Dilger)
Add --no-instructions option to (Magnus Hagander)
Stop from creating analyze_new_cluster script (Magnus Hagander)
Instead, give comparable instructions.
Remove support for the -o option (Magnus Hagander)
Rename "Default Roles" to (Bruce Momjian, Stephen Frost)
Add documentation for the function (Peter Eisentraut)
Add configure option to allow future choice of the SSL library to use (Daniel Gustafsson, Michael Paquier)
Add support for (Peter Eisentraut)
For example this allows files, and relation segment files to be larger than four gigabytes.
Add server parameter to control cache flushing for test purposes (Craig Ringer)
Add to the index access method API (Tom Lane)
Allow subscripting of values (Tom Lane, Dmitry Dolgov)
Allow GiST/GIN indexes to do equality lookups (Julien Rouhaud)
Allow the data type to be transferred in binary mode (KaiGai Kohei)
Allow to report on TOAST tables (Peter Eisentraut)
Add contrib module which allows changes to row visibility (Ashutosh Sharma)
Add contrib module to report the XID/time mapping used by an active (Robert Haas)
Allow to also check heap pages (Mark Dilger)
Allow to inspect GiST indexes (Andrey Borodin, Heikki Linnakangas)
Change pageinspect block numbers to be (Peter Eisentraut)
Mark functions as parallel safe (Steven Winfield)
The new server parameter 's default of auto will automatically enable query id computation when this extension is loaded.
Allow postgres_fdw to import table partitions if specified by (Matthias van de Meent)