# I. SQL 指令

本部分包含 PostgreSQL 支援的 SQL 指令的參考訊息。一般而言，「SQL」是指語言；內容包含了有關各標準的一致性和相容性。

連結將會連結至 PostgreSQL 官方使用手冊，本手冊連結請使用左側目錄。

**Table of Contents**

[ABORT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-abort.html) — abort the current transaction\
\*\*\*\*[ALTER AGGREGATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alteraggregate.html) — change the definition of an aggregate function\
[ALTER COLLATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altercollation.html) — change the definition of a collation\
[ALTER CONVERSION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterconversion.html) — change the definition of a conversion\
[ALTER DATABASE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterdatabase.html) — change a database\
[ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterdefaultprivileges.html) — define default access privileges\
[ALTER DOMAIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterdomain.html) — change the definition of a domain\
[ALTER EVENT TRIGGER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altereventtrigger.html) — change the definition of an event trigger\
[ALTER EXTENSION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterextension.html) — change the definition of an extension\
[ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterforeigndatawrapper.html) — change the definition of a foreign-data wrapper\
[ALTER FOREIGN TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterforeigntable.html) — change the definition of a foreign table\
[ALTER FUNCTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterfunction.html) — change the definition of a function\
[ALTER GROUP](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altergroup.html) — change role name or membership\
[ALTER INDEX](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterindex.html) — change the definition of an index\
[ALTER LANGUAGE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterlanguage.html) — change the definition of a procedural language\
[ALTER LARGE OBJECT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterlargeobject.html) — change the definition of a large object\
[ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altermaterializedview.html) — change the definition of a materialized view\
[ALTER OPERATOR](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alteroperator.html) — change the definition of an operator\
[ALTER OPERATOR CLASS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alteropclass.html) — change the definition of an operator class\
[ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alteropfamily.html) — change the definition of an operator family\
[ALTER POLICY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterpolicy.html) — change the definition of a row level security policy\
[ALTER PROCEDURE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterprocedure.html) — change the definition of a procedure\
[ALTER PUBLICATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterpublication.html) — change the definition of a publication\
[ALTER ROLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterrole.html) — change a database role\
[ALTER ROUTINE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterroutine.html) — change the definition of a routine\
[ALTER RULE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterrule.html) — change the definition of a rule\
[ALTER SCHEMA](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterschema.html) — change the definition of a schema\
[ALTER SEQUENCE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altersequence.html) — change the definition of a sequence generator\
[ALTER SERVER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterserver.html) — change the definition of a foreign server\
[ALTER STATISTICS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterstatistics.html) — change the definition of an extended statistics object\
[ALTER SUBSCRIPTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altersubscription.html) — change the definition of a subscription\
[ALTER SYSTEM](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altersystem.html) — change a server configuration parameter\
[ALTER TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html) — change the definition of a table\
[ALTER TABLESPACE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertablespace.html) — change the definition of a tablespace\
[ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertsconfig.html) — change the definition of a text search configuration\
[ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertsdictionary.html) — change the definition of a text search dictionary\
[ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertsparser.html) — change the definition of a text search parser\
[ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertstemplate.html) — change the definition of a text search template\
[ALTER TRIGGER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertrigger.html) — change the definition of a trigger\
[ALTER TYPE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertype.html) — change the definition of a type\
[ALTER USER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alteruser.html) — change a database role\
[ALTER USER MAPPING](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterusermapping.html) — change the definition of a user mapping\
[ALTER VIEW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterview.html) — change the definition of a view\
[ANALYZE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-analyze.html) — collect statistics about a database\
[BEGIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-begin.html) — start a transaction block\
[CALL](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-call.html) — invoke a procedure\
[CHECKPOINT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-checkpoint.html) — force a write-ahead log checkpoint\
[CLOSE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-close.html) — close a cursor\
[CLUSTER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-cluster.html) — cluster a table according to an index\
[COMMENT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-comment.html) — define or change the comment of an object\
[COMMIT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-commit.html) — commit the current transaction\
[COMMIT PREPARED](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-commit-prepared.html) — commit a transaction that was earlier prepared for two-phase commit\
[COPY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-copy.html) — copy data between a file and a table\
[CREATE ACCESS METHOD](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-create-access-method.html) — define a new access method\
[CREATE AGGREGATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createaggregate.html) — define a new aggregate function\
[CREATE CAST](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createcast.html) — define a new cast\
[CREATE COLLATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createcollation.html) — define a new collation\
[CREATE CONVERSION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createconversion.html) — define a new encoding conversion\
[CREATE DATABASE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createdatabase.html) — create a new database\
[CREATE DOMAIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createdomain.html) — define a new domain\
[CREATE EVENT TRIGGER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createeventtrigger.html) — define a new event trigger\
[CREATE EXTENSION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createextension.html) — install an extension\
[CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createforeigndatawrapper.html) — define a new foreign-data wrapper\
[CREATE FOREIGN TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createforeigntable.html) — define a new foreign table\
[CREATE FUNCTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createfunction.html) — define a new function\
[CREATE GROUP](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-creategroup.html) — define a new database role\
[CREATE INDEX](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createindex.html) — define a new index\
[CREATE LANGUAGE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createlanguage.html) — define a new procedural language\
[CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-creatematerializedview.html) — define a new materialized view\
[CREATE OPERATOR](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createoperator.html) — define a new operator\
[CREATE OPERATOR CLASS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createopclass.html) — define a new operator class\
[CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createopfamily.html) — define a new operator family\
[CREATE POLICY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createpolicy.html) — define a new row level security policy for a table\
[CREATE PROCEDURE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createprocedure.html) — define a new procedure\
[CREATE PUBLICATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createpublication.html) — define a new publication\
[CREATE ROLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createrole.html) — define a new database role\
[CREATE RULE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createrule.html) — define a new rewrite rule\
[CREATE SCHEMA](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createschema.html) — define a new schema\
[CREATE SEQUENCE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createsequence.html) — define a new sequence generator\
[CREATE SERVER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createserver.html) — define a new foreign server\
[CREATE STATISTICS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createstatistics.html) — define extended statistics\
[CREATE SUBSCRIPTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createsubscription.html) — define a new subscription\
[CREATE TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html) — define a new table\
[CREATE TABLE AS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtableas.html) — define a new table from the results of a query\
[CREATE TABLESPACE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtablespace.html) — define a new tablespace\
[CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtsconfig.html) — define a new text search configuration\
[CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtsdictionary.html) — define a new text search dictionary\
[CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtsparser.html) — define a new text search parser\
[CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtstemplate.html) — define a new text search template\
[CREATE TRANSFORM](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtransform.html) — define a new transform\
[CREATE TRIGGER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtrigger.html) — define a new trigger\
[CREATE TYPE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtype.html) — define a new data type\
[CREATE USER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createuser.html) — define a new database role\
[CREATE USER MAPPING](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createusermapping.html) — define a new mapping of a user to a foreign server\
[CREATE VIEW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createview.html) — define a new view\
[DEALLOCATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-deallocate.html) — deallocate a prepared statement\
[DECLARE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-declare.html) — define a cursor\
[DELETE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-delete.html) — delete rows of a table\
[DISCARD](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-discard.html) — discard session state\
[DO](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-do.html) — execute an anonymous code block\
[DROP ACCESS METHOD](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-drop-access-method.html) — remove an access method\
[DROP AGGREGATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropaggregate.html) — remove an aggregate function\
[DROP CAST](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropcast.html) — remove a cast\
[DROP COLLATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropcollation.html) — remove a collation\
[DROP CONVERSION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropconversion.html) — remove a conversion\
[DROP DATABASE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropdatabase.html) — remove a database\
[DROP DOMAIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropdomain.html) — remove a domain\
[DROP EVENT TRIGGER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropeventtrigger.html) — remove an event trigger\
[DROP EXTENSION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropextension.html) — remove an extension\
[DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropforeigndatawrapper.html) — remove a foreign-data wrapper\
[DROP FOREIGN TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropforeigntable.html) — remove a foreign table\
[DROP FUNCTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropfunction.html) — remove a function\
[DROP GROUP](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropgroup.html) — remove a database role\
[DROP INDEX](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropindex.html) — remove an index\
[DROP LANGUAGE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droplanguage.html) — remove a procedural language\
[DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropmaterializedview.html) — remove a materialized view\
[DROP OPERATOR](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropoperator.html) — remove an operator\
[DROP OPERATOR CLASS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropopclass.html) — remove an operator class\
[DROP OPERATOR FAMILY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropopfamily.html) — remove an operator family\
[DROP OWNED](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-drop-owned.html) — remove database objects owned by a database role\
[DROP POLICY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droppolicy.html) — remove a row level security policy from a table\
[DROP PROCEDURE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropprocedure.html) — remove a procedure\
[DROP PUBLICATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droppublication.html) — remove a publication\
[DROP ROLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droprole.html) — remove a database role\
[DROP ROUTINE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droproutine.html) — remove a routine\
[DROP RULE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droprule.html) — remove a rewrite rule\
[DROP SCHEMA](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropschema.html) — remove a schema\
[DROP SEQUENCE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropsequence.html) — remove a sequence\
[DROP SERVER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropserver.html) — remove a foreign server descriptor\
[DROP STATISTICS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropstatistics.html) — remove extended statistics\
[DROP SUBSCRIPTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropsubscription.html) — remove a subscription\
[DROP TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droptable.html) — remove a table\
[DROP TABLESPACE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droptablespace.html) — remove a tablespace\
[DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droptsconfig.html) — remove a text search configuration\
[DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droptsdictionary.html) — remove a text search dictionary\
[DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droptsparser.html) — remove a text search parser\
[DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droptstemplate.html) — remove a text search template\
[DROP TRANSFORM](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droptransform.html) — remove a transform\
[DROP TRIGGER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droptrigger.html) — remove a trigger\
[DROP TYPE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-droptype.html) — remove a data type\
[DROP USER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropuser.html) — remove a database role\
[DROP USER MAPPING](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropusermapping.html) — remove a user mapping for a foreign server\
[DROP VIEW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-dropview.html) — remove a view\
[END](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-end.html) — commit the current transaction\
[EXECUTE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-execute.html) — execute a prepared statement\
[EXPLAIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-explain.html) — show the execution plan of a statement\
[FETCH](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-fetch.html) — retrieve rows from a query using a cursor\
[GRANT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-grant.html) — define access privileges\
[IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-importforeignschema.html) — import table definitions from a foreign server\
[INSERT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-insert.html) — create new rows in a table\
[LISTEN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-listen.html) — listen for a notification\
[LOAD](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-load.html) — load a shared library file\
[LOCK](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-lock.html) — lock a table\
[MOVE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-move.html) — position a cursor\
[NOTIFY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-notify.html) — generate a notification\
[PREPARE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-prepare.html) — prepare a statement for execution\
[PREPARE TRANSACTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-prepare-transaction.html) — prepare the current transaction for two-phase commit\
[REASSIGN OWNED](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-reassign-owned.html) — change the ownership of database objects owned by a database role\
[REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-refreshmaterializedview.html) — replace the contents of a materialized view\
[REINDEX](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-reindex.html) — rebuild indexes\
[RELEASE SAVEPOINT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-release-savepoint.html) — destroy a previously defined savepoint\
[RESET](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-reset.html) — restore the value of a run-time parameter to the default value\
[REVOKE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-revoke.html) — remove access privileges\
[ROLLBACK](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-rollback.html) — abort the current transaction\
[ROLLBACK PREPARED](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-rollback-prepared.html) — cancel a transaction that was earlier prepared for two-phase commit\
[ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-rollback-to.html) — roll back to a savepoint\
[SAVEPOINT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-savepoint.html) — define a new savepoint within the current transaction\
[SECURITY LABEL](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-security-label.html) — define or change a security label applied to an object\
[SELECT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-select.html) — retrieve rows from a table or view\
[SELECT INTO](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-selectinto.html) — define a new table from the results of a query\
[SET](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-set.html) — change a run-time parameter\
[SET CONSTRAINTS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-set-constraints.html) — set constraint check timing for the current transaction\
[SET ROLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-set-role.html) — set the current user identifier of the current session\
[SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-set-session-authorization.html) — set the session user identifier and the current user identifier of the current session\
[SET TRANSACTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-set-transaction.html) — set the characteristics of the current transaction\
[SHOW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-show.html) — show the value of a run-time parameter\
[START TRANSACTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-start-transaction.html) — start a transaction block\
[TRUNCATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-truncate.html) — empty a table or set of tables\
[UNLISTEN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-unlisten.html) — stop listening for a notification\
[UPDATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-update.html) — update rows of a table\
[VACUUM](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-vacuum.html) — garbage-collect and optionally analyze a database\
[VALUES](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-values.html) — compute a set of rows\\