C. SQL 關鍵字

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C. SQL 關鍵字
​Table C.1 lists all tokens that are key words in the SQL standard and in PostgreSQL 11devel. Background information can be found in Section 4.1.1. (For space reasons, only the latest two versions of the SQL standard, and SQL-92 for historical comparison, are included. The differences between those and the other intermediate standard versions are small.)
SQL distinguishes between reserved and non-reserved key words. According to the standard, reserved key words are the only real key words; they are never allowed as identifiers. Non-reserved key words only have a special meaning in particular contexts and can be used as identifiers in other contexts. Most non-reserved key words are actually the names of built-in tables and functions specified by SQL. The concept of non-reserved key words essentially only exists to declare that some predefined meaning is attached to a word in some contexts.
In the PostgreSQL parser life is a bit more complicated. There are several different classes of tokens ranging from those that can never be used as an identifier to those that have absolutely no special status in the parser as compared to an ordinary identifier. (The latter is usually the case for functions specified by SQL.) Even reserved key words are not completely reserved in PostgreSQL, but can be used as column labels (for example, SELECT 55 AS CHECK, even though CHECK is a reserved key word).
In Table C.1 in the column for PostgreSQL we classify as “non-reserved” those key words that are explicitly known to the parser but are allowed as column or table names. Some key words that are otherwise non-reserved cannot be used as function or data type names and are marked accordingly. (Most of these words represent built-in functions or data types with special syntax. The function or type is still available but it cannot be redefined by the user.) Labeled “reserved” are those tokens that are not allowed as column or table names. Some reserved key words are allowable as names for functions or data types; this is also shown in the table. If not so marked, a reserved key word is only allowed as an “AS” column label name.
As a general rule, if you get spurious parser errors for commands that contain any of the listed key words as an identifier you should try to quote the identifier to see if the problem goes away.
It is important to understand before studying Table C.1 that the fact that a key word is not reserved in PostgreSQL does not mean that the feature related to the word is not implemented. Conversely, the presence of a key word does not indicate the existence of a feature.
Table C.1. SQL Key Words
Key Word
PostgreSQL
SQL:2011
SQL:2008
SQL-92
A
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
ABORT
non-reserved
​
​
​
ABS
​
reserved
reserved
​
ABSENT
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
ABSOLUTE
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
ACCESS
non-reserved
​
​
​
ACCORDING
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
ACTION
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
ADA
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
ADD
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
ADMIN
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
AFTER
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
AGGREGATE
non-reserved
​
​
​
ALL
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
ALLOCATE
​
reserved
reserved
reserved
ALSO
non-reserved
​
​
​
ALTER
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
ALWAYS
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
ANALYSE
reserved
​
​
​
ANALYZE
reserved
​
​
​
AND
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
ANY
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
ARE
​
reserved
reserved
reserved
ARRAY
reserved
reserved
reserved
​
ARRAY_AGG
​
reserved
reserved
​
ARRAY_MAX_CARDINALITY
​
reserved
​
​
AS
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
ASC
reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
ASENSITIVE
​
reserved
reserved
​
ASSERTION
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
ASSIGNMENT
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
ASYMMETRIC
reserved
reserved
reserved
​
AT
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
ATOMIC
​
reserved
reserved
​
ATTACH
non-reserved
​
​
​
ATTRIBUTE
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
ATTRIBUTES
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
AUTHORIZATION
reserved (can be function or type)
reserved
reserved
reserved
AVG
​
reserved
reserved
reserved
BACKWARD
non-reserved
​
​
​
BASE64
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
BEFORE
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
BEGIN
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
BEGIN_FRAME
​
reserved
​
​
BEGIN_PARTITION
​
reserved
​
​
BERNOULLI
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
BETWEEN
non-reserved (cannot be function or type)
reserved
reserved
reserved
BIGINT
non-reserved (cannot be function or type)
reserved
reserved
​
BINARY
reserved (can be function or type)
reserved
reserved
​
BIT
non-reserved (cannot be function or type)
​
​
reserved
BIT_LENGTH
​
​
​
reserved
BLOB
​
reserved
reserved
​
BLOCKED
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
BOM
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
BOOLEAN
non-reserved (cannot be function or type)
reserved
reserved
​
BOTH
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
BREADTH
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
BY
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
C
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CACHE
non-reserved
​
​
​
CALL
​
reserved
reserved
​
CALLED
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
​
CARDINALITY
​
reserved
reserved
​
CASCADE
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
CASCADED
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CASE
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CAST
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CATALOG
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
CATALOG_NAME
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CEIL
​
reserved
reserved
​
CEILING
​
reserved
reserved
​
CHAIN
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
CHAR
non-reserved (cannot be function or type)
reserved
reserved
reserved
CHARACTER
non-reserved (cannot be function or type)
reserved
reserved
reserved
CHARACTERISTICS
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
CHARACTERS
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
CHARACTER_LENGTH
​
reserved
reserved
reserved
CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CHARACTER_SET_NAME
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CHAR_LENGTH
​
reserved
reserved
reserved
CHECK
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CHECKPOINT
non-reserved
​
​
​
CLASS
non-reserved
​
​
​
CLASS_ORIGIN
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CLOB
​
reserved
reserved
​
CLOSE
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CLUSTER
non-reserved
​
​
​
COALESCE
non-reserved (cannot be function or type)
reserved
reserved
reserved
COBOL
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
COLLATE
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
COLLATION
reserved (can be function or type)
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
COLLATION_CATALOG
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
COLLATION_NAME
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
COLLATION_SCHEMA
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
COLLECT
​
reserved
reserved
​
COLUMN
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
COLUMNS
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
COLUMN_NAME
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
COMMAND_FUNCTION
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
COMMENT
non-reserved
​
​
​
COMMENTS
non-reserved
​
​
​
COMMIT
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
COMMITTED
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CONCURRENTLY
reserved (can be function or type)
​
​
​
CONDITION
​
reserved
reserved
​
CONDITION_NUMBER
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CONFIGURATION
non-reserved
​
​
​
CONFLICT
non-reserved
​
​
​
CONNECT
​
reserved
reserved
reserved
CONNECTION
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
CONNECTION_NAME
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CONSTRAINT
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CONSTRAINTS
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CONSTRAINT_NAME
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CONSTRUCTOR
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
CONTAINS
​
reserved
non-reserved
​
CONTENT
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
CONTINUE
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
reserved
CONTROL
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
​
CONVERSION
non-reserved
​
​
​
CONVERT
​
reserved
reserved
reserved
COPY
non-reserved
​
​
​
CORR
​
reserved
reserved
​
CORRESPONDING
​
reserved
reserved
reserved
COST
non-reserved
​
​
​
COUNT
​
reserved
reserved
reserved
COVAR_POP
​
reserved
reserved
​
COVAR_SAMP
​
reserved
reserved
​
CREATE
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CROSS
reserved (can be function or type)
reserved
reserved
reserved
CSV
non-reserved
​
​
​
CUBE
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
​
CUME_DIST
​
reserved
reserved
​
CURRENT
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CURRENT_CATALOG
reserved
reserved
reserved
​
CURRENT_DATE
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP
​
reserved
reserved
​
CURRENT_PATH
​
reserved
reserved
​
CURRENT_ROLE
reserved
reserved
reserved
​
CURRENT_ROW
​
reserved
​
​
CURRENT_SCHEMA
reserved (can be function or type)
reserved
reserved
​
CURRENT_TIME
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE
​
reserved
reserved
​
CURRENT_USER
reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CURSOR
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
reserved
CURSOR_NAME
​
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
CYCLE
non-reserved
reserved
reserved
​
DATA
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
non-reserved
B.4. 日期時間的沿革
D. SQL 相容性
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